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  • 1
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    No evidence that seismicity causes CO2 leakage [Physical Sciences] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-12-27
    Description: In a recent Perspective (1), Zoback and Gorelick argued that carbon capture and storage (CCS) is likely not a viable strategy for reducing CO2 emissions to the atmosphere. They argued that maps of earthquake epicenters portray earthquakes occurring almost everywhere, suggesting that Earth’s crust is near a critical state, so...
    Keywords: Letters
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 2
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    Powers of the phantom ideal (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-06
    Description: The mono-epi (ME) exact structure on the morphisms of an exact category $(\mathcal {A}; \mathcal {E})$ is introduced and used to prove ideal versions of Salce's Lemma, Christensen's (Ghost) Lemma, and Wakamatsu's Lemma for an exact category. Salce's Lemma establishes a bijective correspondence $\mathcal {I} \mapsto \mathcal {I}^{\perp }$ between the class of special precovering ideals of $(\mathcal {A}; \mathcal {E})$ and that of its special preenveloping ideals. ME-extensions of morphisms are used to define an extension $\mathcal {I} \diamond \mathcal {J}$ of ideals. Christensen's Lemma asserts that the class of special precovering (respectively, special preenveloping) ideals is closed under products and extensions and that the bijective correspondence of Salce's Lemma satisfies $(\mathcal {I} \mathcal {J})^{\perp } = \mathcal {J}^{\perp } \diamond \mathcal {I}^{\perp }$ and $(\mathcal {I} \diamond \mathcal {J})^{\perp } = \mathcal {J}^{\perp } \mathcal {I}^{\perp }.$ Wakamatsu's Lemma asserts that if a covering ideal $\mathcal {I}$ is closed under ME-extensions, then it is a special precovering ideal. As an application, it is proved that if $G$ is a finite group and $\Phi $ is the ideal of phantom morphisms in the category $k[G]$ - $\rm Mod,$ then $\Phi ^{n-1}$ is the object ideal generated by projective modules, where $n$ is the nilpotency index of the Jacobson radical $J.$ If $R$ is a semiprimary ring, with $J^n =0,$ then $\Phi ^n$ is generated by projective modules. For a right coherent ring $R$ over which every cotorsion left $R$ -module has a coresolution of length $n$ by pure injective modules, $\Phi ^{n+1}$ is generated by flat modules.
    Print ISSN: 0024-6115
    Electronic ISSN: 1460-244X
    Topics: Mathematics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 3
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    Small effects of smoking on visual spatiotemporal processing (2014)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-05
    Description: Nicotine is an important stimulant that is involved in modulating many neuronal processes, including those related to vision. Nicotine is also thought to play a key role in schizophrenia: A genetic variation of the cholinergic nicotine receptor gene, alpha-7 subunit (CHRNA7) has been shown to be associated with stronger backward masking deficits in schizophrenic patients. In this study, we tested visual backward masking in healthy smokers and non-smokers to further understand the effects of nicotine on spatiotemporal vision. In the first study, we tested 48 participants, a group of non-smokers (n = 12) and three groups of regular smokers that were either nicotine deprived (n = 12), non-deprived (n = 12) or deprived but were allowed to smoke a cigarette directly before the start of the experiment (n = 12). Performance was similar across groups, except for some small negative effects in nicotine-deprived participants. In the second study, we compared backward masking performance between regular smokers and non-smokers for older (n = 37, 13 smokers) and younger (n = 67, 21 smokers) adults. Older adults performed generally worse than younger adults but there were no significant differences in performance between smokers and non-smokers. Taken together, these findings indicate that nicotine has no long-term negative effects on visual spatiotemporal processing as determined by visual backward masking. Scientific Reports 4 doi: 10.1038/srep07316
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-2322
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 4
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    Tracing path-guided apparent motion in human primary visual cortex V1 (2014)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2014-08-15
    Description: Vision is a constructive process. For example, a square, flashed at two distinct locations one after the other, appears to move smoothly between the two locations rather than as two separate flashes (apparent motion). Apparent motion is usually perceived along the shortest path between locations. Previous studies have shown that retinotopic activity in V1 correlates well with the subjective filling-in in apparent motion. If V1 activity truly reflects illusory motion, it should flexibly reflect filling-in of any path, subjectively perceived. Here, we used a path-guided apparent motion paradigm in which a faint cue, presented in addition to the squares, leads to a curved illusory motion path. We found retinotopic activity in V1 to reflect the illusory filling-in of the curved path, similarly to filling-in with linear, shortest paths. Moreover, our results show that activity along the linear path was less selective to stimulus conditions than the activity along the curved path. This finding may be interpreted as V1 activity representing a small subset of infinitely many possible solutions to ambiguous stimuli, whilst giving more weight to the shortest path/energy solution. Scientific Reports 4 doi: 10.1038/srep06063
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-2322
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 5
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    Advanced technology paths to global climate stability: energy for a greenhouse planet (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2002-11-02
    Description: Stabilizing the carbon dioxide-induced component of climate change is an energy problem. Establishment of a course toward such stabilization will require the development within the coming decades of primary energy sources that do not emit carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, in addition to efforts to reduce end-use energy demand. Mid-century primary power requirements that are free of carbon dioxide emissions could be several times what we now derive from fossil fuels (approximately 10(13) watts), even with improvements in energy efficiency. Here we survey possible future energy sources, evaluated for their capability to supply massive amounts of carbon emission-free energy and for their potential for large-scale commercialization. Possible candidates for primary energy sources include terrestrial solar and wind energy, solar power satellites, biomass, nuclear fission, nuclear fusion, fission-fusion hybrids, and fossil fuels from which carbon has been sequestered. Non-primary power technologies that could contribute to climate stabilization include efficiency improvements, hydrogen production, storage and transport, superconducting global electric grids, and geoengineering. All of these approaches currently have severe deficiencies that limit their ability to stabilize global climate. We conclude that a broad range of intensive research and development is urgently needed to produce technological options that can allow both climate stabilization and economic development.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hoffert, Martin I -- Caldeira, Ken -- Benford, Gregory -- Criswell, David R -- Green, Christopher -- Herzog, Howard -- Jain, Atul K -- Kheshgi, Haroon S -- Lackner, Klaus S -- Lewis, John S -- Lightfoot, H Douglas -- Manheimer, Wallace -- Mankins, John C -- Mauel, Michael E -- Perkins, L John -- Schlesinger, Michael E -- Volk, Tyler -- Wigley, Tom M L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Nov 1;298(5595):981-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physics, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA. marty.hoffert@nyu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12411695" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 6
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    A neural basis for general intelligence (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2000-07-21
    Description: Universal positive correlations between different cognitive tests motivate the concept of "general intelligence" or Spearman's g. Here the neural basis for g is investigated by means of positron emission tomography. Spatial, verbal, and perceptuo-motor tasks with high-g involvement are compared with matched low-g control tasks. In contrast to the common view that g reflects a broad sample of major cognitive functions, high-g tasks do not show diffuse recruitment of multiple brain regions. Instead they are associated with selective recruitment of lateral frontal cortex in one or both hemispheres. Despite very different task content in the three high-g-low-g contrasts, lateral frontal recruitment is markedly similar in each case. Many previous experiments have shown these same frontal regions to be recruited by a broad range of different cognitive demands. The results suggest that "general intelligence" derives from a specific frontal system important in the control of diverse forms of behavior.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Duncan, J -- Seitz, R J -- Kolodny, J -- Bor, D -- Herzog, H -- Ahmed, A -- Newell, F N -- Emslie, H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 21;289(5478):457-60.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge CB2 2EF, UK. john.duncan@mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10903207" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Brain Mapping ; *Cognition ; Frontal Lobe/blood supply/*physiology/radionuclide imaging ; Humans ; *Intelligence ; Intelligence Tests ; Middle Aged ; Psychomotor Performance ; Recruitment, Neurophysiological ; Tomography, Emission-Computed
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 7
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    Animal research. Reliability of protocol reviews for animal research (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-07-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Plous, S -- Herzog, H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jul 27;293(5530):608-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459-0408, USA. splous@wesleyan.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11474086" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Animal Welfare ; Animals ; *Animals, Laboratory ; Behavior, Animal ; Peer Review, Research/*standards ; Reproducibility of Results ; Research/*standards ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 8
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    Requirement for Atm in ionizing radiation-induced cell death in the developing central nervous system (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1998-06-06
    Description: Ataxia telangiectasia (AT) is characterized by progressive neurodegeneration that results from mutation of the ATM gene. However, neither the normal function of ATM in the nervous system nor the biological basis of the degeneration in AT is known. Resistance to apoptosis in the developing central nervous system (CNS) of Atm-/- mice was observed after ionizing radiation. This lack of death occurred in diverse regions of the CNS, including the cerebellum, which is markedly affected in AT. In wild-type, but not Atm-/- mice, up-regulation of p53 coincided with cell death, suggesting that Atm-dependent apoptosis in the CNS is mediated by p53. Further, p53 null mice showed a similar lack of radiation-induced cell death in the developing nervous system. Atm may function at a developmental survival checkpoint that serves to eliminate neurons with excessive DNA damage.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Herzog, K H -- Chong, M J -- Kapsetaki, M -- Morgan, J I -- McKinnon, P J -- CA-21765/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 May 15;280(5366):1089-91.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 332 North Lauderdale, Memphis, TN 38101, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9582124" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Apoptosis ; Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins ; Brain/*cytology/*radiation effects ; Cell Cycle Proteins ; Cerebellum/cytology/radiation effects ; DNA-Binding Proteins ; Genes, p53 ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; Neurons/*cytology/radiation effects ; Phenotype ; *Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases ; Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Radiation, Ionizing ; Retina/cytology ; Thymus Gland/cytology/radiation effects ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/physiology ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins ; Up-Regulation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 9
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    Time Slices: What Is the Duration of a Percept? (2016)
    Public Library of Science (PLoS)
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-13
    Description: We experience the world as a seamless stream of percepts. However, intriguing illusions and recent experiments suggest that the world is not continuously translated into conscious perception. Instead, perception seems to operate in a discrete manner, just like movies appear continuous although they consist of discrete images. To explain how the temporal resolution of human vision can be fast compared to sluggish conscious perception, we propose a novel conceptual framework in which features of objects, such as their color, are quasi-continuously and unconsciously analyzed with high temporal resolution. Like other features, temporal features, such as duration, are coded as quantitative labels. When unconscious processing is “completed,” all features are simultaneously rendered conscious at discrete moments in time, sometimes even hundreds of milliseconds after stimuli were presented.
    Print ISSN: 1544-9173
    Electronic ISSN: 1545-7885
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Public Library of Science (PLoS)
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  • 10
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    Podoplanin maintains high endothelial venule integrity by interacting with platelet CLEC-2 (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-03
    Description: Circulating lymphocytes continuously enter lymph nodes for immune surveillance through specialized blood vessels named high endothelial venules, a process that increases markedly during immune responses. How high endothelial venules (HEVs) permit lymphocyte transmigration while maintaining vascular integrity is unknown. Here we report a role for the transmembrane O-glycoprotein podoplanin (PDPN, also known as gp38 and T1alpha) in maintaining HEV barrier function. Mice with postnatal deletion of Pdpn lost HEV integrity and exhibited spontaneous bleeding in mucosal lymph nodes, and bleeding in the draining peripheral lymph nodes after immunization. Blocking lymphocyte homing rescued bleeding, indicating that PDPN is required to protect the barrier function of HEVs during lymphocyte trafficking. Further analyses demonstrated that PDPN expressed on fibroblastic reticular cells, which surround HEVs, functions as an activating ligand for platelet C-type lectin-like receptor 2 (CLEC-2, also known as CLEC1B). Mice lacking fibroblastic reticular cell PDPN or platelet CLEC-2 exhibited significantly reduced levels of VE-cadherin (also known as CDH5), which is essential for overall vascular integrity, on HEVs. Infusion of wild-type platelets restored HEV integrity in Clec-2-deficient mice. Activation of CLEC-2 induced release of sphingosine-1-phosphate from platelets, which promoted expression of VE-cadherin on HEVs ex vivo. Furthermore, draining peripheral lymph nodes of immunized mice lacking sphingosine-1-phosphate had impaired HEV integrity similar to Pdpn- and Clec-2-deficient mice. These data demonstrate that local sphingosine-1-phosphate release after PDPN-CLEC-2-mediated platelet activation is critical for HEV integrity during immune responses.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3791160/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3791160/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Herzog, Brett H -- Fu, Jianxin -- Wilson, Stephen J -- Hess, Paul R -- Sen, Aslihan -- McDaniel, J Michael -- Pan, Yanfang -- Sheng, Minjia -- Yago, Tadayuki -- Silasi-Mansat, Robert -- McGee, Samuel -- May, Frauke -- Nieswandt, Bernhard -- Morris, Andrew J -- Lupu, Florea -- Coughlin, Shaun R -- McEver, Rodger P -- Chen, Hong -- Kahn, Mark L -- Xia, Lijun -- GM097747/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM103441/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- HL065590/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL085607/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL093242/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL103432/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL112788/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- P01 HL085607/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- P20 GM103527/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P20 RR018758/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM097747/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL103432/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL112788/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- S10 RR024598/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2013 Oct 3;502(7469):105-9. doi: 10.1038/nature12501. Epub 2013 Sep 1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23995678" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, CD/metabolism ; Cadherins/metabolism ; Endothelium, Lymphatic/immunology/*metabolism ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Intercellular Junctions/genetics/immunology ; Lectins, C-Type/*metabolism ; Lymph Nodes/metabolism/pathology ; Lysophospholipids/metabolism ; Male ; Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Sphingosine/analogs & derivatives/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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