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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The lethal concentration of cadmium was determined for the mysidLeptomysis lingvura G.O. Sars, a Mediterranean species from surface coastal waters, and the effect of sublethal doses on respiration, ammonia excretion, and feeding efficiency at different temperatures, and on activities of 19 hydrolases was tested. Experiments were carried out on individuals collected in spring 1987 near Marseille. At 18°C, respiration rate was significantly affected only by concentrations 〉0.05 mg Cd l−1. At 0.1 mg Cd l−1, respiration rate was more significantly depressed at 20°C than at 10°C. There was a concomitant decrease in the Q10 rate (by 23 to 59%, according to the particular experiment), indicating a strong synergistic effect of temperature. Ammonia excretion was likewise affected by cadmium, also with a concomitant decrease in the Q10 rate (by 34%). Daily faecal pellet production was maximum at 18°C; it was inhibited by cadmium at temperatures between 14 and 20°C, and enhanced at extreme temperatures (10 and 22°C). The assimilation efficiency of contaminated individuals was reduced by 9%. These decreases in faecal pellet production and assimilation efficiency reflect a significant decrease in energy (by about 43%) which could rapidly lead to an unbalanced energy budget with a consecutive lowering of the reproductive potential. Generally, hydrolase activities usually increased initially in the presence of 0.2 mg Cd l−1, but after 48 h they declined, reaching very low values at 72 h. Most physiological processes are therefore affected by exposure to cadmium and the unbalanced energy budget arises from the inability to utilize environmental food. These results are consistent with the literature data on cadmium contamination in marine organisms. Physiological and biochemical changes appear to be very informative in studies of in vitro sublethal effects of micropollutants and in situ environmental modifications.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Marine biology 129 (1997), S. 63-69 
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Juvenile lesser blue crabs, Callinectes similis Williams, were exposed to a range of salinities for measurement of survival and bioenergetics. Effects of salinity on survival were determined by exposing juvenile crabs to salinity treatments ranging from 0 to 74‰. All crabs survived 21 d of exposure to 5 and 45‰S. The 21 d LC50 values for salinity tolerance (calculated from survival data) were 2.6 and 60.8‰S at low and high salinities, respectively. Energy-budget components and scope for growth were determined for crabs exposed to 2.5, 10, 25, 35 and 50‰S. Energetic absorption rates were highest at 2.5 and 35‰S. Energetic expenditure rates (energy lost to respiration and excretion) were greatest at 2.5‰S, and decreased as salinity increased. Respiration constituted the majority of energetic expenditure at all salinities (92.3% average). Scope for growth was significantly affected by salinity and was highest in crabs exposed to 35‰S. Increased respiration at low salinity may indicate that C. similis incurs greater costs due to osmoregulation. The results of this study indicate that C. similis is capable of surviving and growing in waters with salinities as low as 10‰.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of three different artificial diets (“Tetramin”, “Bioter food” and “Renutryl”) on the life cycle of Tisbe holothuriae Humes, 1957 has been investigated under constant experimental conditions (19°C; 38‰ S). Females (F2) whose life history has been followed, were obtained from a common mother (F1). They were bred in 50 ml dishes and transferred into a fresh container as soon as they produced a new egg-sac. Offspring (F3) resulting from successive egg-layings were counted as soon as they moulted into adults. Larval mortality was estimated in two ways: (1) by enumeration of adults issuing from a known number of nauplii; (2) by comparison of the average number of eggs from egg-sacs of F2 with the average number of adult offspring F3. The life-span of F2 females, including the larval stages, varies between 23.6 days (Renutryl diet) and 33.4 days (Tetramin diet). The first egg-sac appears about 12 days after hatching, whatever diet is used. The first copulation immediately follows the last moult, about 8 days after hatching. The reproductive period lasts for 6.5 (Renutryl) to 10.4 days (Bioter). The average number of successive egg-sacs laid is minimal with Renutryl (3.7) and maximal with Tetramin (5.1), but actual egg production is higher with Renutryl (86 eggs/sac) than with Bioter (67) or Tetramin (58). Nevertheless, as a result of varying larval mortality with the different diets, eventual numbers of adult F3 obtained are significantly higher with Bioter (310) than with Tetramin and Renutryl (216 and 188, respectively). The offspring F3 sex-ratio varies in successive broods and with the nature of the food offered: more females are produced with Bioter or Renutryl than with the Tetramin diet. Then net reproduction rate, R 0, is higher with Bioter, because of the low larval mortality, high fertility, and high ratio of females resulting from this diet. The intrinsic rate of natural increase (r m) is similar with Renutryl and Bioter diets (0.298 and 0.301, respectively), a lower value (0.260) occurs with the Tetramin diet. These different values are discussed and compared with previous data for Tisbe species fed natural diets.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The anaesthetic properties of clomethiazole ethane disulfonate (hydrochloric ester of thiazole fraction of Vitamin B 1) were tested on the harpacticoid copepod Tisbe holothuriae Humes. Concentrations of 0.250, 0.50, 0.625, 0.714 and 0.833 ‰ in sea water were tested. The copepod was exposed to the anaesthetic solutions for periods of 30 min and 1 h. A concentration of 0.250‰ was sufficient to induce immobility within a few minutes; the lethal concentration is 1‰. Immediate and delayed effects of narcosis on the activities of the enzymes esterases (EST), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), malic enzyme (ME) and phosphoglucomutase (PGM) were studied using electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. No change in EST, LAP and ALP zymograms was observed during 48 h postnarcosis, whatever the clomethiazole concentration used, but changes in MDH, ME and PGM activity were observed after anaesthesia in 0.714 and 0.833‰ clomethiazole. The stronger the concentration used, the earlier and longer-lasting was the decrease in activity. For MDH, which is coded by two loci, electrophoresis revealed that one locus (the fast fraction) is more sensitive to the narcotic than the other, slow one.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Juvenile Callinectes sapidus Rathbun were collected from brackish and hypersaline coastal environments in August 1986 and July 1987, respectively. The brackish collection site was a salt-marsh near Grand Isle, Louisiana (USA), and the hypersaline site was in the barrier island system on the north end of the Laguna Madre near Corpus Christi, Texas (USA). On the dates of collection, salinities fluctuated daily between 20 and 30‰ S and between 30 and 45‰ S at the brackish and hypersaline collection sites, respectively. The high-salinity 21 d LC50 (50% mortality) was 56.0 for brackish-water individuals and 66.5‰ S for hypersaline individuals. The brackish-water individuals survived 0‰ S. The lowsalinity 21 d LC50 was 0.5‰ S for the hypersaline individuals. Respiration and excretion comprised a small portion of the energy budget and did not vary with salinity for individuals from brackish water. However, both respiration and excretion increased with decreasing salinity in individuals from the hypersaline environment. Respiration accounted for more energy than excretion. As energetic expenditure (due to respiration and excretion) was relatively small, scope for growth usually paralleled energy absorption. Scope for growth responses to salinity differed significantly between crabs from the two environments. Peaks in scope for growth for both the brackish-water and hypersaline individuals corresponded to salinities normally encountered by these crabs in their natural habitats. Individuals from the brackish-water population had maximal energy absorption and scope for growth at 10 and 25‰ S. Individuals from the hypersaline population displayed maximal energy absorption at 35‰ S and maximal scope for growth at 35 and 50‰ S.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Dry weight and body composition of C, H and N were investigated in male and female Tisbe holothuriae Humes fed 7 artificial compound diets and a living algal diet (Nannochloris sp.) over the whole biological cycle. No correlation was found between the respective proportion of C, H and N in the food and in the copepod body. Food quality had a significant effect on dry weight. Carbon content varied between 35.35 and 42.32% of body dry weight in females, and between 25.10 and 26.84% in males. Nitrogen values were 9.11 to 10.00% and 6.79 to 6.99%, respectively, varying with different diets. The C:N ratio varied between 3.74 and 4.28 in females and between 3.70 and 3.87 in males. Some diets had a significant effect on this ratio. In some experiments, three different temperatures were tested using the same diet. Body dry weight was inversely correlated with temperature, but no clear relation appeared between C:N and temperature. C:N variations were directly related to C concentration and seemed independent of N concentration. It is suggested that C variations correspond to different levels in lipid content under different trophic conditions. The relation between elementary chemical composition and fecundity in T. holothuriae fed different diets is discussed.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé 1. L'élevage des adultes de Scolelepis cf. fuliginosa Claparède est réalisable avec un minimum de matériel et ne présente pas de grandes difficultés. Avec la nourriture utilisée, la croissance des animaux métamorphosés est rapide, ainsi que l'acquisition de la maturité sexuelle. 2. La mortalité des jeunes stades benthiques est très faible, sinon nulle, si toutefois la densité des animaux n'est pas excessive dans un même bac. La mortalité augmente avec la taille des individus; les animaux mûrs sont d'autant plus fragiles et exigeants qu'ils sont plus grands. 3. La ponte est obtenue très facilement, selon un rythme assez comparable entre les divers couples. En règle générale, ce rythme diminue avec l'âge, mais cette diminution est compensée par un nombre d'oeufs plus important dans les pontes. 4. Sauf cas particuliers, les pontes sont obtenues jusqu'à la mort des animaux, qui périssent avec des réserves de gamètes considérables. Les interruptions et irrégularités observées dans la fréquence sont probablement dues à l'altération des conditions d'élevage. Dans les cas les plus favorables, les reproductions se sont poursuivies pendant plus d'un an. 5. Il y a une garnde variabilité dans la fécondite totale des divers couples; les causes réelles de cette variabilité n'ont pas pu être élucidées. La capacité d'élaboration du mucus par les animaux pourrait être le facteur limitant de la fécondité. 6. Le facteur qui déclenche la ponte n'est pas, au moins dans cette expérience, la température, mais les conditions trophiques auxquelles sont soumis les individus: en dessous d'un certain seuil les pontes cessent. Dans le milieu naturel la température de l'eau pendant la période estivale limiterait indirectement la production de gamètes, en provoquant une augmentation du métabolisme de repos qui accaparerait la plus grande partie de l'énergie fournie par la nourriture. Il semble possible, à priori, d'obtenir des reproductions même en période estivale, en fournissant une quantité suffisante de nourriture aux animaux.
    Notes: Abstract Adult Scolelepis cf. fuliginosa Claparède, raised from laboratory-born larvae, have been cultivated at a temperature of 18.5°C for weeks or months. They were offered artificial food only. They attain sexual maturity after 39 to 157 days. As soon as sexing is possible, the polychaetes are transferred to small dishes and paired. Egg laying extends throughout the whole life cycle at 4.6 day intervals; this interval tends to increase with age and size. Egg production varies greatly, at the beginning of reproduction, productivity increases, then fluctuates considerably around a mean value which may be very different in different pairs. There are also important variations in the total number of eggs between pairs; the reasons for this are still unknown. An hypothesis is presented on the factors controlling egg release: it is suggested that the worms' energy budget makes egg laying possible only in winter and spring; at higher temperatures, energy release is insufficient for egg production, owing to the poor nutritional level. According to this hypothesis, temperature affects reproduction indirectly.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology -- Part B: Biochemistry and 73 (1982), S. 761-770 
    ISSN: 0305-0491
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    BBA - Protein Structure 351 (1974), S. 325-332 
    ISSN: 0005-2795
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant breeding 112 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1439-0523
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Isoelectric focusing (IEF) and immunoblotting were used to detect genetic variants of malt endopeptidase (MEP1), an enzyme related to malting quality in barley and coded by the CepB locus on barley chromosome 3 (= 3H). A variant was found in a Turkish accession of wild barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum). The self progeny of a hybrid between this accession and the barley cultivar ‘Clipper’ were analyzed for recombination between the CepB locus and other isozyme loci. The estimates of recombination linked the CepB locus to an NADH diaphorase locus (Ndh2), which in turn was linked to the seedling esterase complex (Est1, Est2, and Est4) situated near the distal end of the long arm of chromosome 3. The Ndh2 locus was independent of two other NADH dehydrogenase loci (Ndh3, Ndh5) which were mapped on barley chromosome 5 (= 1H) in relation to the three hordein loci (Hor1, Hor2, and Hor3).
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