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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Direct arteriovenous connections and the intermediate circulation in dog spleen, studied by scanning electron microscopy of microcorrosion casts (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 225 (1982), S. 543-555 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Dog spleen ; “Closed” vs. “open” circulation ; Arteriovenous connections in spleen ; SEM of microcorrosion casts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The exact nature of the circulatory pathways in dog spleen, particularly with reference to the intermediate circulation and the possible existence of direct arteriovenous connections, has been studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of microcorrosion casts. A new casting procedure was developed in which minimal amounts of material were injected into contracted spleens, thus filling preferentially the faster channels for flow. Extensive filling of the red pulp was thereby avoided, leaving an open view of blood vessels and their connections. The depth of focus of the SEM, incomparably greater than those of transmission electron or light microscopes, enabled vascular pathways to be traced over considerable distances. Using this approach, we have obtained clear evidence for abundant connections between arterial capillaries and venous sinuses (i.e., “closed” circulation). Typically, the terminal arteriole bifurcates repeatedly, in quick succession, giving rise to as many as twelve short capillaries, each leading directly to at least one sinus. However, an “open” circulation also exists, inasmuch as the majority of all capillaries end in the marginal zone around lymphatic nodules. In the dilated spleen, direct connections to sinuses are rarely visible but endings in the red pulp are found, in addition to those going to the marginal zone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00214803
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Luminal morphology of small arterial vessels in the contracted spleen, studied by scanning electron microscopy of microcorrosion casts (1983)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 228 (1983), S. 33-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: SEM of microcorrosion casts ; Contracted spleen ; Arteriolar luminal morphology ; Constricted arterioles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Unique luminal configurations exhibited by small arterial vessels in contracted spleens of dog and cat were studied by means of vascular corrosion casts examined by scanning electron microscopy. Concertina-like pleating was seen in casts of trabecular arteries/arterioles, whereas within lymphatic nodules arteriolar casts lacked pleating and were smooth and uniformly cylindrical (as were all small arterial vessels in distended spleens). Morphological details of arterial vessels observed in histological sections indicated that pleating is not due to contraction of specially arranged vascular smooth muscle but to overall shortening of trabecular arterial vessels, caused by contraction of longitudinal smooth muscle in trabeculae. Another phenomenon observed in casts from contracted spleens was an almost complete “pinching-off” of many arteriolar lumens; histological evidence indicated that this is due to contraction of vascular smooth muscle, which selectively diverts flow away from certain regions of the organ. Also noted was a markedly convoluted, tortuous configuration of arterioles (penicilli) in the red pulp of contracted spleens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00206262
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microcirculation in mouse spleen (nonsinusal) studied by means of corrosion casts (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 186 (1985), S. 17-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Corrosion casts of mouse spleen, examined by scanning electron microscopy, enabled vascular pathways of the arterial, intermediate, and venous circulations to be traced over considerable distances. The arterial tree is surrounded by white pulp immediately upon entering at the hilus, and relatively few arterioles extend into red pulp. A profusion of capillaries is present in both periarterial lymphatic sheaths and lymphatic nodules, arranged as bifurcating systems (rather than anastomosing networks) terminating in the marginal sinus (MS) and marginal zone (MZ). The MS, which is situated between white pulp and MZ, consists of a discontinuous layer of flattened anastomosing spaces which are up to six times as large as those in rat spleen. Extensive filling of the entire MZ took place before appreciable filling of surrounding red pulp occurred. Capillary terminations in red pulp are always continuous with reticular meshwork, i.e., no evidence for a “closed” circulation was found. Casts of the venous origins support the classification “pulp venules” rather than “venous sinuses” and show major morphological differences from the richly anastomosing system of sinuses in rat. In the subcapsular region of mouse spleen large anastomosing veins ramify over the surface, with reticular meshwork occupying extensive areas between adjacent veins. For in vivo microscopy this arrangement offers advantages over that found in rat spleen (accompanying paper), where almost the entire surface is densely covered with venous sinuses.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051860103
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microcirculation in rat spleen (sinusal), studied by means of corrosion casts, with particular reference to the intermediate pathways (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 186 (1985), S. 1-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Blood vessels and their connections in rat spleen were traced over considerable distances by scanning electron microscopy of microcorrosion casts prepared by injection of minimal amounts of casting material. The periarterial lymphatic sheath and lymphatic nodules are highly developed, containing an abundance of capillaries which terminate in the marginal sinus (MS) and marginal zone (MZ). The MS, which consists of a series of discontinuous flattened vascular spaces interconnected by short capillaries, shows circumferential filling followed by flow radially outward into the MZ. Contrary to the generally accepted view, many venous sinuses begin as open-ended tubes at the MS or MZ, allowing free entry of blood into the venous system, thereby bypassing the reticular meshwork of the red pulp. The majority of arterial capillaries terminate in the reticular meshwork (“open” circulation), but evidence for direct connections between capillaries and venous sinuses (“closed” circulation) was also obtained. Casts of the subcapsular region reveal an elaborate system of venous sinuses in fan-shaped arrays, superimposed on an extensive network of capillaries draining into flattened reticular spaces; such casts provide a three-dimensional map useful in interpreting light microscopic observations of red cell flow in vivo. Sphincter-like constrictions in venous sinuses, at points of connection with larger sinuses, indicate that these are possible sites for control of intrasplenic flow distribution.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051860102
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Circulatory pathways in the sinusal spleen of the dog, studied by scanning electron microscopy of microcorrosion casts (1983)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 178 (1983), S. 111-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Scanning electron microscopy of microcorrosion casts was used to visualize circulatory pathways in the sinusal spleen of dog. The examination of contracted versus dilated organs and variations of the volume of material injected gave an indication of flow dynamics. Minimal injections of material into contracted spleens produced filling of mainly the fastest routes for flow, whereas injections into dilated spleens primarily filled slower routes. This procedure yielded a more complete, three-dimensional picture of the arterial, intermediate, and venous pathways as a whole, and of the relative amounts of flow through different arterial routes. Evidence of flow from capillary lumina out into ellipsoid sheaths was plentiful in casts from dilated spleens, but rare in casts from contracted organs. The pattern of flow within and out of the marginal sinus has been elucidated: A circumferential filling occurs first, followed by a flow that radiates outward into the marginal zone and red pulp. Venous sinuses filled via two routes in addition to the generally accepted path from the reticular meshwork via fenestrations in sinus walls. First, many venous sinuses extending out from the marginal sinus and surrounding marginal zone originated as open-ended tubes continuous with the reticular spaces of the marginal sinus or marginal zone. Second, direct connections of arterial capillaries with venous sinuses in the red pulp were found. Evidence indicating that some mechanism is controlling the flow via these routes is discussed. The strikingly different arrangement of venous sinuses in the subcapsular region is demonstrated.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051780204
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The intermediate circulation in the nonsinusal spleen of the cat, studied by scanning electron microscopy of microcorrosion casts (1983)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 178 (1983), S. 125-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Scanning electron microscopy of microcorrosion casts was used to visualize circulatory pathways of the intermediate circulation in nonsinusal spleen of cat. The marginal sinus (MS) around lymphatic nodules is a distinct vascular space which fills preferentially before the filling of the marginal zone (MZ) and surrounding red pulp occurs. The MS, which has a plentiful vascular supply, does not usually enclose the nodule completely. From the MS, flow occurs radially outwards into the MZ. Corrosion casts and histological sections both showed that a diversity of forms of the MZ exists: The thickness of MZ and the arrangement of its reticulum vary among nodules and between different areas of the same nodule, from a complete absence to a region of up to 50 μn width.No direct arteriovenous connections were found (in contrast to dog spleen: Schmidt et al., '83b). Aside from capillary endings in the MS and MZ, all arterial capillaries terminate in the reticular spaces of the red pulp, i.e., the circulation appears to be entirely “open.” From each capillary termination a great variety of flow pathways through the reticular meshwork to the pulp venules is available; some of these routes are quite long but others may involve distances as short as 15-25 μm. Evidence of flow into ellipsoid sheaths was abundant in casts from dilated spleens, but scarce in contracted spleens. In contrast to the extensive system of interconnected venous sinuses in dog spleen, the pulp venules found in cat spleen are nonanastomosing, shorter, and much smaller in caliber, and all receive flow freely from the reticular mesh-work via open ends and fenestrations in their walls.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051780205
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scanning electron microscope study of the splenic red pulp in relation to the sequestration of immature and abnormal red cellsThis investigation was supported by Grant MA-4799 from the Medical Research Council of Canada. (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 144 (1974), S. 439-451 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Spleens from normal, healthy cats, dogs and rabbits were perfused with Ringer solution until only a few red cells remained. After fixation of the intact organ, small pieces of tissue were dried by a camphene method and examined under the scanning electron microscope. In all three species the red cells remaining in the spleen were either reticulocytes, spiculated cells, or cells of tear-drop shape and they were found adhering to macrophages and reticulum cells throughout the red pulp. Elongated masses were found on the sinusal surface of fenestrated endothelium (only in dog and rabbit); some of these appeared to be cells of tear-drop shape emerging from the cords into the sinus. This may perhaps denote a pitting process, as suggested by others, but it cannot be a unique function of fenestrated endothelium for red cells of similar shape were found elsewhere in the pulp. In all three species the network of reticulum fibres presents a very large contact surface area for blood cells and it seems likely that increased cell stickiness, rather than decreased deformability, leads to the trapping of immature red cells in the spleen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051440405
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of the size distribution of human erythrocytes by a sedimentation methodThis investigation was supported by grant MA-2586 from the Medical Research Council of Canada. (1972)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 79 (1972), S. 127-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The distribution of sedimentation velocities was determined, by a photoelectric method, for human erythrocytes at low concentrations in Ringer solution. The light absorption at 414 nm was measured, as a function of time, 10 mm below the top of the column. From the frequency distribution of cell velocities that of Rs √ρ-σ was found; Rs being the Stokes' radius, ρ the cell density and σ the density of the solution. Cell density was measured by the phthalate method and the mean Stokes' radius was found to be 2.58 μm. The size distributions showed some skewness but were in good general agreement with those measured by Celloscope counter, and with reported measurements from photomicrographs of cells in hanging drop suspensions. The skewness was much less than that encountered with electric sensing zone instruments (e.g. Celloscope) and the sedimentation method, being based on entirely different premises, provides an important check on such data. The skewness is due to a bias in the orientation of human erythrocytes during sedimentation. This bias may be a characteristic of biconcave cells; it could be absent in many species and reliable measurements of size distribution would then be obtained.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040790115
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  • 9
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    Independence of metastatic ability and extravasation: metastatic ras-transformed and control fibroblasts extravasate equally well. (1996)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 1996-10-01
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 10
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    Volume measurement variability in three-dimensional high-frequency ultrasound images of murine liver metastases (2006)
    Institute of Physics
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Print ISSN: 0031-9155
    Electronic ISSN: 1361-6560
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Published by Institute of Physics
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