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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Toxicity and estimated water quality criteria values in mallard ducklings exposed to pentachlorophenol (1994)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 26 (1994), S. 33-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Tests were conducted to determine the effects of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in feed on growth and bioaccumulation in mallard ducklings (Anas platyrhynchos). Significant effects of PCP on growth (LOAEL) were observed after 11 days at 961 μg/g PCP. The NOAEL value (no significant growth effects) was 423 μg/g PCP. Concentrations of PCP in tissues at the NOAEL were 20.7 (liver), 12.2 (lipid), 3.3 (muscle), and 2.6 (brain) μg/g (wet wt); no bioaccumulation was observed. Using a toxicity threshold model, it was estimated that about 1.1 mg/L of waterborne PCP was a threshold for adverse effects for mallard ducks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00212791
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of dieldrin in food on growth and bioaccumulation in mallard ducklings (1994)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 26 (1994), S. 29-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of dieldrin in food organisms and commercial feed on growth and bioaccumulation were determined in mallard ducklings (Anas platyrhynchos). Dieldrin-fed crickets, mealworms and annelid worms, and dieldrin-spiked commercial feed, were fed to mallard ducklings for 8 days. Mean measured food concentrations (animals plus feed) of 〈0.2, 2.6, 26.2, and 49.3 μg/g dieldrin did not affect growth after 14 days. Tissue dieldrin concentrations (μg/g wet wt) increased rapidly: up to 80.7 (lipid), 30.1 (skin), 4.1 (liver), 1.8 (muscle), and 1.6 (brain) μg/g. Dieldrin concentrations in tissues were up to 3.7 times greater than in the test diets.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00212790
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative toxicity of Guthion and Guthion 2S to Xenopus laevis and Pseudacris regilla tadpoles (1995)
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 54 (1995), S. 382-388 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00195109
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of dietary exposure to forest pesticides on the brown garden snail Helix aspersa Müller (1994)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 26 (1994), S. 23-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Brown garden snails, Helix aspersa, were fed prepared diets with 12 pesticides used in forest spraying practices where endangered arboreal and terrestrial snails may be at risk. Acephate, atrazine, glyphosate, hexazinone, and picloram were not lethal at concentrations of 5,000 mg/kg in 14-day screening tests. The remaining seven pesticides, lethal to 13–100% of the tested snails at 5,000 mg/kg, were evaluated in 10-day definitive feeding tests. Azinphosmethyl (Guthion®) and aminocarb were the most toxic, with 10-day LC50s of 188 and 313 mg/kg, respectively. Paraquat, trichlorfon and fenitrothion had 10-day LC50s of 659, 664, and 7,058 mg/kg, respectively. Avoidance of pesticide-containing foods occurred, e.g., 10-day LC50s of 〉10,000 mg/kg for carbaryl and methyl parathion. Significant decreases (p〈0.05) in snail weight (total, shell-only, body-only) or shell diameter were accompanied by a significant decrease in the amount of food consumed/snail/day. Concentrations of pesticide in tissues were measured in snails exposed to atrazine and azinphosmethyl; there was no bioaccumulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00212789
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Impact of Guthion on Survival and Growth of the Frog Pseudacris regilla and the Salamanders Ambystoma gracile and Ambystoma maculatum (1998)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 35 (1998), S. 48-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The effects of the insecticides Guthion (technical grade) and Guthion 2S (commercial formulation) on survival and growth of tadpoles of the Pacific treefrog Pseudacris regilla, and larvae of the Northwestern salamander Ambystoma gracile and the spotted salamander Ambystoma maculatum were determined in continuous-flow exposures in the laboratory. Ninety-six–hour LC50 values were 〉3.6 mg/L for P. regilla with technical grade Guthion and 1.47 mg/L with the formulation Guthion 2S (measured as active ingredient Guthion). Ten-day LOAEL and NOAEL values based on length and weight for P. regilla with Guthion were 3.60 and 0.98 mg/L. LOAEL and NOAEL values based on length and weight for P. regilla with Guthion 2S were 0.17 and 0.07 mg/L. The 96-h LC50 for Guthion 2S was 1.67 and 1.90 mg/L for A. gracile and A. maculatum, respectively. LOAEL and NOAEL values based on length and weight for A. gracile with Guthion 2S were 0.22 and 0.10 mg/L; they were 0.11 and 0.03 mg/L for A. maculatum based on weight. These species are as similar in sensitivity as some fish species but are more tolerant to Guthion than most invertebrates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002449900347
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temporal and spatial distribution of azinphos-methyl applied to alfalfa (1994)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 27 (1994), S. 534-540 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency uses a simple exposure nomogram to make preliminary assessments of the pesticide residues concentrations on foods of terrestrial wildlife. This study was conducted to measure the spatial and temporal distribution of the organophosphorus insecticide azinphos-methyl (Guthion® 2S) in a dense alfalfa crop to evaluate the assumptions used in this nomogram and to determine the influences of application rate and spatial distribution of residues on the potential dietary exposure to herbivores. Concentrations of azinphos-methyl were measured on spray cards, soil, and alfalfa plants (top 15 cm and bottom 15 cm) on plots treated at 0, 0.77, 1.55, 3.11, and 4.67 kg active ingredient/ha (4 enclosures/treatment) at 2 h and 2, 6, 14 and 28 days after application. Although the concentrations measured on spray cards were very close to predicted, the concentrations on alfalfa canopy vegetation were higher than expected from the nomogram and increased at a faster rate with increasing application rate than expected. Concentrations were 1.5–2.4 times higher in the alfalfa canopy than on alfalfa near soil level. Variability among alfalfa samples within treatments was high, with part of the variation in canopy samples explained by the distance to the end of the spray boom. Only 16–32% of pesticide reached the soil surface. The calculated half-life of azinophos-methyl was 2.5–4.5 days on vegetation and 19.3 days on soil. Dietary exposure to small herbivores would be expected to exceed nomogram predictions, but be highly variable for individuals due to the patchy nature of the pesticide distribution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00214846
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Toxicity of Guthion® and Guthion® 2S to Xenopus laevis embryos (1994)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 27 (1994), S. 250-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The development of Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog) embryos exposed to the pesticide Guthion® (technical grade) and Guthion® 2S (commercial formulation) was evaluated in modified Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay—Xenopus (FETAX) tests. The embryos were exposed to five or six increasing concentrations of pesticide in 10- and 100-ml exposure volumes of test solution for 96 h. Embryos exposed in 10-ml volumes of Guthion exhibited increased mortality, increased deformation, and decreased size as compared to those exposed in 100-ml volumes. LC50s for embryos exposed in the 10-ml Guthion tests ranged from 6.1 to 6.3 mg/L as compared to 10.6 to 11.9 mg/L for those in the 100-ml tests. The percentage of deformities at 3 mg/L Guthion in test survivors in 10-ml tests ranged from 73 to 89%, while in the 100-ml tests less than 2% were deformed at the same concentration. Mean control embryo lengths at test completion were 8.2 and 10.6 mm, respectively, for 10- and 100-ml tests. The LC50 for embryos in 100 ml Guthion 2S was 1.6 mg/L active ingredient, indicating a much greater toxicity of the commercial formulation. NOAEL (No Observed Adverse Effect Level) values for Guthion and Guthion 2S ranged from 0.48 to 7.96 mg/L, depending upon basis (length, deformity, mortality) and pesticide formulation, and were many times greater than the existing water quality criterion of 0.01 μg/L.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00214270
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  • 8
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    Impact of Guthion on Survival and Growth of the Frog Pseudacris regilla and the Salamanders Ambystoma gracile and Ambystoma maculatum (1998)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-07-01
    Print ISSN: 0090-4341
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-0703
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Published by Springer
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