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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mitigation of N2O emissions from grassland by nitrification inhibitor and Actilith F2 applied with fertilizer and cattle slurry (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 18 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Nitrous oxide (N2O) is involved in both ozone destruction and global warming. In agricultural soils it is produced by nitrification and denitrification mainly after fertilization. Nitrification inhibitors have been proposed as one of the management tools for the reduction of the potential hazards of fertilizer-derived N2O. Addition of nitrification inhibitors to fertilizers maintains soil N in ammonium form, thereby gaseous N losses by nitrification and denitrification are less likely to occur and there is increased N utilization by the sward. We present a study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) and of the slurry additive Actilith F2 on N2O emissions following application of calcium ammonium nitrate or cattle slurry to a mixed clover/ryegrass sward in the Basque Country. The results indicate that large differences in N2O emission occur depending on fertilizer type and the presence or absence of a nitrification inhibitor. There is considerable scope for immediate reduction of emissions by applying DCD with calcium ammonium nitrate or cattle slurry. DCD, applied at 25 kg ha–1, reduced the amount of N lost as N2O by 60% and 42% when applied with cattle slurry and calcium ammonium nitrate, respectively. Actilith F2 did not reduce N2O emissions and it produced a long lasting mineralization of previously immobilized added N.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2002.tb00231.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    3, 4-Dimethylpyrazole phosphate reduces nitrous oxide emissions from grassland after slurry application (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 21 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. A field study was conducted to assess the effect of the nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP), applied at a rate of 1 kg ha−1, on nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, forage production and N extraction from a grassland soil after cattle slurry applications in autumn and spring. Nitrous oxide emissions were measured daily or weekly using the closed chamber technique. DMPP efficiency after slurry application was lower in spring (16.7 °C mean soil temperature) than in autumn (11.4 °C mean soil temperature). Thus, DMPP was able to maintain soil mineral N in the ammonium form for 22 days and reduce cumulative N2O emissions by 69% in autumn, while in spring its effect on soil mineral N lasted for 7–14 days, reducing cumulative N2O losses by 48%. Furthermore, application of DMPP after slurry did not decrease biomass yield or N uptake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2005.tb00106.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrous oxide emissions from grassland in an intensive dairy farm in the Basque Country of Spain (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 17 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Intensively managed grasslands are potentially a large source of N2O in the North Coast of Spain because of the large N input, the wet soil conditions and mild temperatures. To quantify the effect of fertilizer type and management practices carried out by farmers in this area, field N2O losses were measured over a year using the closed chamber technique. Plots received two types of fertilizer: cattle slurry (536 kg N ha–1) and calcium ammonium nitrate (140 kg N ha–1). N2O losses were less in the slurry treatment than after mineral fertilizer. This was probably due to high, short-lived peaks of N2O encountered immediately following mineral N addition. In contrast, the seasonal distribution of N2O losses from the slurry amended plot was more uniform over the year. The greater N2O losses in the mineral treatment might have been enhanced by the combined effect of mineral fertilizer and past organic residues present from previous organic amendments. Weak relationships were found between N2O emission rates and soil nitrate, soil ammonium, soil water content and temperature. Better relationships were obtained in the mineral treatment than in the slurry plots, because of the wider range in soil mineral N. Water filled pore space (WFPS) was a key factor controlling N2O emissions. In the 〉 90% WFPS range no relationships were found. The best regressions were found for the mineral treatment in the 40–65% WFPS range, 49% of the variance being explained by soil nitrate and ammonium content. In the 65–90% WFPS range, 43% of the variance was explained by nitrate only, but the inclusion of soil ammonium did not improve the model as it did in the 40–65% WFPS range. This fact indicates that nitrification is likely to be an important process involved in N2O emissions at the 40–65% WFPS.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2001.tb00017.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of cow slurry N on herbage productivity, efficiency of N utilization and on white clover content in a natural sward in the Basque Country, Spain (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 51 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The effect of cow slurry N on productivity and white clover content was compared with that of mineral fertilization in a natural grassland sward. Fertilizer was applied at two different N rates as split applications of ammonium nitrate, or as cow slurry (145 or 290 kg N ha−1 in the first year and 120 or 240 kg N ha−1 In the second year)- In the first year, fertilizer N produced higher dry matter (DM) yields than the slurry treatments. Nitrogen efficiency and clover content reduction were higher for the mineral treatments, the efficiency being lower for the higher rate of N application. In the second year, N supplied by the slurry gave the same productivity, N efficiency and white clover content reduction as that from the mineral N fertilization; higher efficiency in the second year being due to favourable weather conditions and low white clover contents. The high N efficiencies of the slurry compared with the fertilizer N treatments were attributed to the dilution of the slurry and to split applications over the year. Yield differences between treatments were due mainly to the grass component of the sward. Competition between grasses and other species, and white clover for mineral N resulted in a reduction in the white clover content in those treatments in which more N was supplied, whether it came from the mineralization of slurry or from the fertilizer N applied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1996.tb02031.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of atrazine and methabenzthiazuron on oxygen evolution and cell growth of Chlorella pyrenoidosa (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 25 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Cultures of Chlorella pyrenoidosa Pringsheim were grown photoautotrophically in the presence of two concentrations (0·25 and 0·50 μm) of atrazine and methabenzthiazuron. The cell density and chlorophyll content were greatly reduced in presence of both herbicides. These herbicides affected net photsynthesis equally without affecting oxygen uptake. However, cell division was more inhibited by atrazine than by methabenzthiazuron, but chlorophyll content per cell was more inhibited by methabenzthiazuron than by atrazine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.1985.tb00618.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of asulam on water potential and nitrate reduction
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Plant Science 46 (1986), S. 21-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 0168-9452
    Keywords: asulam ; clover ; lucerne ; nitrate reduction ; stomata ; water potential
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0168-9452(86)90127-5
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Time-course of the phosphinothricin effect on gas exchange and nitrate reduction in Medicago sativa (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 89 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The long-time effect of phosphinothricin (PPT) on gas exchange and nitrate metabolism in intact plants of lucerne (Medicago sativa L. cv. Aragón) was investigated. Photosynthetic CO2 uptake, stomatal conductance, and transpiration were measured with an Infra-Red Gas Analyzer (IRGA). Under photorespiratory conditions, CO2 uptake continuously decreased after PPT treatment. The decrease of photosynthesis led to an increase in the internal CO2 concentration, which in turn caused stomatal closure and a reduction of transpiration rate. Nitrate reduction from plants sprayed with PPT was assayed both in vitro and in vivo. In vivo nitrate reductase was measured with and without nitrate in the infiltration medium. Both types of nitrate reductase assays indicated that the enzyme was inhibited in plants treated with PPT; however, the enzyme appeared more affected when the in vivo assay was used than when the one in vitro was applied. The nitrate reduction was pronouncedly affected after 24 h of PPT treatment, when glutamine synthetase (GS, EC 6.3.1.2.) activity and gas exchange were inhibited by more than 60%. The data suggest that the inhibition of GS leads to inhibition of photosynthesis, which, in turn, means lack of NADPH and nitrate, the substrates for nitrate reductase. The inhibition of GS also leads to a high ammonia level, which will produce a secondary inhibition of nitrate reductase activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1993.tb05295.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of NaCl salinity and water stress with polyethylene glycol on nitrogen fixation, stomatal response and transpiration of Medicago sativa, Trifolium repens and Trifolium brachycalycinum (subclover) (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 54 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The objective of this study was to investigate the behaviour of different legumes against salinity and water stress, thus trying to discover simultaneous adaptations to both stresses. The nitrogen fixation, transpiration, predawn leaf water potential, and stomatal response of Medicago sativa L. (cvs. Tierra de Campos and Aragon), Trifolium repens L. (cv. Aberystwyth S-184) and T. brachycalycinum Katzn. et Morley (=T. subterraneum L. cv. Clare) were compared at three levels of stress (0.05, 0.3 and 0.5 MPa of either NaCl or polyethylene glycol 6000) in nutrient solution. The plants were stressed for three days and then returned to control nutrient solution. The changes in the parameters analyzed were dependent on the proportion of stress treatments and the nature of the species, always being greater in plants from PEG than from NaCl solutions. Transfer of lucerne and subclover plants from NaCl at 0.05 MPa to a non-saline medium resulted in an increase of nitrogen fixation above the level of the non-salinized control plants, especially significant in lucerne. Analysis of possible inorganic impurities in commercial PEG suggest that such type of impurities are not responsible for the toxic effects reported. Plant damage resulting from PEG treatment was apparently due to penetrations of PEG (as determined qualitatively by using the tetraiodinebismuthic acid technique) or low-molecular organic impurities into the plant. – The results are discussed as part of the adaptation of the different species to salinity and water stress. The best performance was given by “Tierra de Campos”.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1982.tb00271.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Glutamine synthetase from mesophyll and bundle sheath maize cells: isoenzyme complements and different sensitivities to phosphinothricin (2000)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 19 (2000), S. 1127-1134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Key words Bundle sheath cells ; C4 plants ; Glutamine synthetase isoforms ; Mesophyll cells ; Phosphinothricin ; Zea mays L. ; AbbreviationsBSC: Bundle sheath cells ; FPLC: Fast protein liquid chromatography ; GS1: Cytoplasmic glutamine synthetase ; GS2: Chloroplastic glutamine synthetase ; GSt: GS transferase activity ; GSs: GS semibiosynthetic activity ; MC: Mesophyll cells ; 2-ME: 2-Mercaptoethanol ; NADP-ME: NADP-malic enzyme (EC, 1.1.1.41) ; PEPCase: Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (EC, 4.1.1.31) ; PPT: Phosphinothricin ; PVPP: Polyvinilpolypyrrolidone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Anion-exchange FPLC has been used to resolve the isoforms of glutamine synthetase (GS, EC 6.3.1.2) from Zea mays mesophyll (MC) and bundle sheath cells (BSC). Two different isoforms were detected in both types of photosynthetic cells. The predominantly active isoform was GS1 (61%) in MC and GS2 (67%) in BSC. The relative contribution of GS1 and GS2 to the overall GS activity in BSC in maize here reported resembles the proportion described for most C3 plants. Differences among these isoforms in terms of their susceptibility to phosphinothricin (PPT), an analogue of glutamate and known inhibitor of GS, were found. The GS1 isoenzyme from MC was the most sensitive form, being inhibited by 50% at approximately 2.0 μM DL-PPT, whereas the GS2 from BSC presented the highest tolerance to the inhibitor (I50=30 μM). The transferase-to-semibiosynthetic activity ratio for the MC isoforms, which was higher than the ratio for the BSC isoforms, and the differences shown by the isoforms in susceptibility to PPT predict important differences in the biochemical properties and regulation of GS isoenzymes. In this regard, the cytoplasmic isoenzymes, and especially the one in MC, due to its relatively high contribution to mesophyll cell GS activity, could play a vital role in nitrogen metabolism in maize.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002990000233
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of cattle slurry and mineral N fertilizer applications on various components of the nitrogen balance of mown grassland (1997)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 188 (1997), S. 49-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cattle-slurry ; grassland ; microbial biomass ; N balance ; N mineralization ; N recovery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract It is essential to establish more accurate N balances for different soil-plant systems in order to improve N use efficiency. In this study the N balance was studied in a poorly drained clayey loam soil under natural grassland supplied with either calcium ammonium nitrate or cattle slurry at two application rates. The aim was to determine the efficiency of the N applied and the factors which affect this efficiency. Mineralization-immobilization of N was calculated by balance between the quantified inputs and outputs of N. As N inputs increased, output via herbage yield was accompanied by an increase in apparent immobilization of N in the soil and by larger losses of N by denitrification. The difference between cattle slurry and N fertilizer was that the slurry behaved as a slow release fertilizer, its supply of mineral N being greater in the periods of time when fertilizer was applied a long time ago. Denitrification losses (up to 17% of the N applied) are suggested to be the main factor to mitigate in order to increase N use efficiency. A decrease in net mineralization (up to 136 kg N ha-1 year-1) was observed which was related to the mineral N application rate. There was evidence to suggest that this decrease was due both to the immobilization of the N applied and to a decrease in the rate of gross mineralization when mineral N was applied. Microbial biomass determinations could not explain the changes in the mineralization-immobilization equilibrium of N because of the great coefficients of variation for this determination (mean value of 18%). Nevertheless, it contributed to verify and explain some of the changes observed in this equilibrium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004248228162
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