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  • 1
    Call number: M 03.0624
    In: Memoir
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: v, 111 S.
    ISBN: 1919908102
    Series Statement: Memoir / Council for Geoscience, South Africa 92
    Location: Upper compact magazine
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 36 (1989), S. 28-41 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Dans des colonies d'importance différente chez la fourmi charpentièreCamponotus novaeboracensis, on a observé des changements dans les équations allométriques, les courbes de fréquence de taille et la distribution des castes. Les colonies naturelles ont été groupées en trois catégories selon le nombre d'ouvrières dans une colonie: colonie «juvénile» pour moins de 150 ouvrières, colonie «prémature» pour 200 à 2000 ouvrières et colonie «mature» pour plus de 2000 ouvrières et ayant produit des sexués. Il n'y avait pas de différence dans les équations allométriques entre les trois catégories, néanmoins les colonies «matures» contenaient un plus grand nombre de soldats. On a noté des différences notables dans les courbes de fréquence de taille des trois catégories.
    Notes: Summary Changes in allometry equations, size-frequency curves, and caste ratios were examined in different-sized colonies of the polymorphic carpenter antCamponotus novaeboracensis. Field collected colonies broadly grouped into three categories based on the number of workers in a colony: “incipient” if they had fewer than 150 workers, “juvenile” if they had 200 to 2,000 workers, and “mature” if they had more than 2,000 workers and had produced reproductives. There was no difference in the allometry equations between the three groups, but the mature colonies did contain a higher proportion of soldiers. The size-frequency histograms and caste ratios were significantly different between the three groups.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Inc
    Journal of metamorphic geology 20 (2002), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Mid-crustal Archean pelitic granulites in the Vredefort Dome experienced a static, low-P granulite facies overprint associated with the formation of the dome by meteorite impact at 2.02 Ga. Heating and exhumation were virtually instantaneous, with the main source of heat being provided by energy released from nonadiabatic decay of the impact shock wave. Maximum temperatures within a radius of a few kilometres of the centre of the structure exceeded 900 °C and locally even exceeded 1350 °C. This led to comprehensive melting of the precursor Archean granulite assemblages (Grt + Bt + Qtz + Pl + Ksp ± Crd ± Opx ± Sil) followed by peritectic crystallization of aluminous alkali feldspar+Crd + Spl ± Crn ± Sil parageneses and the segregation of small, evolved, biotite leucogranite bodies. However, at a distance of c. 6 km from the centre pre-impact rock features are largely preserved, although partial replacement of garnet by symplectitic coronas of Crd + Opx ± Spl ± Pl and biotite by orthopyroxene indicate that peak temperatures approached 775 ± 50 °C. Thin interstitial moats of K-feldspar are closely associated with the orthopyroxene coronas; they are interpreted as the remnants of low-proportion partial melts generated by biotite breakdown. Both the textures and mineral compositional data support reduced equilibration volumes in these rocks, which reflect rapid isobaric cooling following shock heating and exhumation. The high temperatures and strong lateral thermal gradient are consistent with the modelled impact-induced isotherm pattern for a 200–300 km diameter impact crater.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of metamorphic geology 10 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: The sequence of growth of garnet, staurolite and aluminosilicate in Fe-rich metapelitic rocks from the Canigou massif, Pyrenees, is established using evidence of inclusion, reaction and pseudomorphing textures between the different minerals, compositional zoning patterns in garnet and staurolite (that can be related to the KFMASH reaction grid), and the geometric relations between inclusion trails in the porphyroblasts and the matrix microstructures. The evidence indicates that garnet and staurolite commenced growth before aluminosilicate in all cases, even where all three are in textural equilibrium. Interpretation of the reaction textures between the porphyroblasts and of the compositional zoning in garnet and staurolite in terms of the KFMASH reaction grid indicates the importance of continuous reactions in the development of these phases. Some garnet and staurolite porphyroblasts underwent renewed growth during breakdown, producing rims enriched in Mn and Zn respectively. The presence of aluminosilicate in these assemblages (i.e. the absence of a clear andalusite-absent zone in the field) is attributed to a strong pressure-dependence for the aluminosilicate-producing reactions. Porphyroblast-matrix microstructural relations indicate that Hercynian metamorphism in the massif was synchronous with the development of the regional subhorizontal foliation (S3).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralogy and petrology 66 (1999), S. 5-23 
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Vredefort Dom ist ein Gebiet von signifikantem (ca. 10 km), strukturellem Uplift im Zentralbereich des wirtschaftlich bedeutungsvollen Witwatersrand-Beckens. Die Ges-teine des Doms haben höhere Metamorphosebedingungen erfahren als die stratigraphisch äquivalenten Lagen, die im Randbereich des Beckens aufgeschlossen sind. Kürzlich durchgeführte Untersuchungen dieser mittel-bis hochgradigen Metamorphose und neueste Ergebnisse zur Entstehung des Domes haben einen Beitrag zu einem Metamorphose-Modell für das gesamte Witwatersrand-Becken geleistet. Diese neuen Befunde zeigen, daß die Gold-hältigen Gesteinsschichten zumindest zwei metamorphe Ereignisse vor ca. 2 Ga erfahren haben. Die ungewöhnlich hohen Beanspruchungsraten und die Stoßwellendeformationsstrukturen, die in den Gesteinen des Doms belegt sind, sprechen gegen einen endogenen Ursprung durch tektonische oder diapirische Prozesse. Neuere Arbeiten an diesen Phänomenen haben gezeigt, daß der Dom am besten als die zentrale Struktureinheit (‘Zentralberg’) einer sehr grossen, 250–300 km weiten und 2023±4 Ma alten Meteoriteneinschlagsstruktur verstanden werden kann, deren Ausmaß eng mit den jetzigen Grenzen des Witwatersrand-Beckens übereinstimmt. Die Gegenwart von Impakt-bezogenen Deformationsstrukturen in Vredefort-Gesteinen erlaubt es, die metamorphen Texturen, die während eines hochgradigen, mit dem 2.05–2.06 Ga Bushveld Magmatismus korrelierten, metamorphen Stadiums vor dem Impaktereignis entstanden sind, von den Texturen zu trennen, die ein statisch metamorphes Ereignis von etwas geringerer Stärke, das nach dem Impakt stattfand, produzierte. Die Spuren des post-Impakt Ereignisses nehmen in ihrer Stärke zum Rand des Domes ab. Dieser Effekt wird durch eine massive Störung der thermischen Krusten-Struktur erklärt, die als Resultat einer Kombination von Impakt-induzierter Exhumierung, von Schock-Aufheizung der Krustengesteine, und von Erwärmung durch einen gewaltigen, jetzt erodierten Impaktschmelzgesteinskörper gesehen wird.
    Notes: Summary The Vredefort Dome represents an area of significant (∼ 10 km) structural uplift within the central parts of the economically important Witwatersrand Basin. Its rocks experienced higher grades of metamorphism than the equivalent stratigraphic horizons exposed around the periphery of the basin. Recent studies of this medium- to high-grade metamorphism, as well as new evidence concerning the origin of the dome, have contributed to a metamorphic model for the Witwatersrand Basin as a whole. This evidence shows that the gold-bearing strata experienced at least two metamorphic events at ca. 2 Ga. The unusually high strain rate and shock deformation features exposed in the rocks of the dome rule out an endogenous origin by tectonic or diapiric processes. Recent work on these features has shown that the dome is best explained as the central uplift of a large, 250–300 km diameter, 2023±44 Ma old meteorite impact structure, the extent of which closely correlates with the present-day limits of the Witwatersrand Basin. Impact-related deformation features in the Vredefort rocks facilitate the separation of metamorphic textures developed during a pre-impact event associated with the 2.05–2.06 Ga Bushveld magmatism, and textures developed during a slightly lower-grade, post-impact, static overprint. The post-impact overprint decreases in intensity outwards from the dome. It is attributed to the massive disturbance of the thermal structure of the crust by impact-induced exhumation, and to shock heating of the rocks as a consequence of the impact event.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2011-10-13
    Description: Structural investigations and U–Pb sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) dating of rocks from the southwestern Central Zone of the Damara Belt, Namibia, reveal that a major SE-verging deformation event (D2) occurred at between 520 and 508 Ma. During D2, SE-verging simple shear and NE–SW pure shear extension in a constrictional stress field produced recumbent, south- to SE-verging, kilometre-scale folds and ductile shear zones, a NE–SW extensional lineation and conjugate shear bands, and was coeval with granitoid emplacement and high-grade metamorphism. The timing of this event is constrained by anatectic leucosomes in D2 shear zones (511±18 Ma) and extensional shear bands (508.4±8.7 Ma) as well as by syntectonic grey granites (520.4±4.2 Ma), and is similar to ages for high-grade metamorphism in the Central Zone. An upright folding event (D3) occurred at c. 508 Ma, resulting in the formation of basement-cored fold interference domes. The timing of deformation and metamorphism at 520–508 Ma in the mid-crustal SW Central Zone contrasts with ages of 560–540 Ma for shallow crustal NW-verging folding and thrusting elsewhere in the Central Zone that was concomitant with voluminous magmatism. This magmatism led to metamorphism and anatexis of the basement and the emplacement of anatectic red granites at 539±17 to 535.6±7.2 Ma, which contain 1013±21 Ma inherited zircons. The Central Zone therefore contains a record of crustal thickening, heating of the mid-crust, exhumation and orogen-parallel extension over the life of an orogen.
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2007-10-08
    Description: The chemical composition of gold within the Archaean metasedimentary rocks of the Witwatersrand Supergroup displays significant heterogeneity at the micro-, meso-and regional scales. A detailed electron microbeam analytical and petrological study of the main auriferous horizons in the Central Rand Group throughout the Witwatersrand Basin indicates that gold has been remobilized late in the paragenetic sequence over distances of less than centimetres. Contemporaneous chlorite formation was strongly rock-buffered. Gold mobilization occurred under fluid-poor conditions at temperatures that did not exceed 350 {degrees}C. Widespread circulation of mineralizing fluids within the Central Rand Group is not supported by the gold and chlorite chemical data. Brittle deformation that affects most of the paragenetic sequence of the Central Rand Group late in its post-depositional history is followed by sequences of mineral growth and dissolution that appear throughout the Central Rand Group and have consistent textural relationships with gold. The consistent location within the paragenetic sequence, the wide regional and stratigraphic extent of the brittle deformation, together with mineral chemical and petrological data suggest that the Vredefort Impact Event (2.02 Ga) was the cause of this late deformation, and that post-impact fluid-poor metamorphism resulted in crystallization of a significant proportion of the gold on and within mineral grains that were deformed during this event.
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  • 8
  • 9
    Publication Date: 2014-08-28
    Description: New SHRIMP U-Pb zircon and titanite data are presented for two amphibolites from the Central Zone of the Damara Orogen, Namibia. These data (the first ages for amphibolites in the Central Zone) show that amphibolites are derived from both Palaeoproterozoic (2026.9 ± 2.3 Ma – sample ACAM-1) and Pan-African (557.2 ± 7.4 Ma – sample LKR021) precursors emplaced into the Palaeoproterozoic Abbabis Complex basement in the Central Zone. The younger amphibolites are interpreted as part of a mafic to dioritic phase of magmatism in the Central Zone (the Goas Suite), and major- and trace-element geochemistry from a suite of amphibolites from the southwestern Central Zone confirms this relationship. This phase of mafic to dioritic magmatism is contemporaneous with the onset of collision between the Congo and Kalahari Cratons. It is suggested that delamination of dense mafic lower crust and underplating of mantle-derived magmas following crustal thickening may have led to partial melting of pre-Pan-African mafic lower crust, generating this mafic to dioritic suite of rocks. Metamorphic zircon overgrowths in sample LKR021 give an age of 520 ± 6.9 Ma, consistent with recent estimates for the age of peak metamorphism in the southwestern Central Zone. Titanites from LKR021 give an age of 493.4 ± 6.4 Ma, and this is interpreted as a cooling age for the Central Zone.
    Print ISSN: 1012-0750
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2012-12-16
    Description: Seismic velocities of rocks depend strongly on confining pressure, which is often explained by the fracture compliances changes within the rocks. It is important to have an accurate model describing the relations between confining pressure and seismic velocities for applications such as time-lapse reservoir characterization. We propose a new model to address this problem by combining the existing effective compliance theory with new solutions for the pressure dependence of fracture compliances. Specifically, we assume the fracture contact surface can be represented by a set of elastic hemispheres with radii following power-law distribution, and the pressure dependence of seismic velocities can be expressed through pressure-dependent normal and tangential fracture compliances that are derived from Hertzian contact theory. Joint data fittings of P- and S-wave velocity laboratory data show that our model is accurate. We also implement fluid substitution using our model to explain the similar stress-induced velocity variations of fluid-saturated fractured rocks.
    Print ISSN: 0016-8033
    Electronic ISSN: 1942-2156
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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