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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: Growing evidence suggests that the low atmospheric CO2 concentration of the ice ages resulted from enhanced storage of CO2 in the ocean interior, largely as a result of changes in the Southern Ocean. Early in the most recent deglaciation, a reduction in North Atlantic overturning circulation seems to have driven CO2 release from the Southern Ocean2–5, but the mechanism connecting the North Atlantic and the Southern Ocean remains unclear. Biogenic opal export in the low-latitude ocean relies on silicate from the underlying thermocline, the concentration of which is affected by the circulation of the ocean interior. Here we report a record of biogenic opal export from a coastal upwelling system off the coast of northwest Africa that shows pronounced opal maxima during each glacial termination over the past 550,000 years. These opal peaks are consistent with a strong deglacial reduction in the formation of silicate-poor glacial North Atlantic intermediate water (GNAIW). The loss of GNAIW allowed mixing with underlying silicate-rich deep water to increase the silicate supply to the surface ocean. An increase in westerly-wind-driven upwelling in the Southern Ocean in response to the North Atlantic change has been proposed to drive the deglacial rise in atmospheric CO2 (refs 3, 4). However, such a circulation change would have accelerated the formation of Antarctic intermediate water and sub-Antarctic mode water, which today have as little silicate as North Atlantic Deep Water and would have thus maintained low silicate concentrations in the Atlantic thermocline. The deglacial opal maxima reported here suggest an alternative mechanism for the deglacial CO2 release5,6. Just as the reduction in GNAIW led to upward silicate transport, it should also have allowed the downward mixing of warm, low-density surface water into the deep ocean. The resulting decrease in the density of the deep Atlantic relative to the Southern Ocean surface promoted Antarctic overturning, which released CO2 to the atmosphere.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Biochemistry 4 (1965), S. 2027-2041 
    ISSN: 1520-4995
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Biochemistry 4 (1965), S. 2042-2051 
    ISSN: 1520-4995
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Biochemistry 4 (1965), S. 2052-2059 
    ISSN: 1520-4995
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 88 (1988), S. 7893-7910 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This is the second of three papers discussing our studies of overlayers of Ar, Kr, and Xe physisorbed on Ag(111). All of these rare gases form ordered structures, which are azimuthally aligned but translationally incommensurate with the Ag substrate. In this paper, we discuss experiments in which we utilized the angle resolved time of flight of inelastically scattered 18 MeV He atoms to examine the surface dynamics of multilayer rare gas films along the Γ¯–M¯ direction. This was done on a layer-by-layer basis for 2, 3, and ≥20 layers for each of the rare gases. Unlike the monolayers, the vibrational modes observed for the multilayers show dispersion across the surface Brillouin zone, the amount of dispersion increasing with the number of adsorbed layers. These results reveal in detail how the surface dynamical properties of a thin film evolve towards those of a thick crystal as a function of increasing dimension. Lattice dynamics calculations, which utilize realistic gas phase pair potentials, reproduce the experimentally observed phonon dispersion relations quite well. We also examine the inelastic scattering probabilities and linewidths of the transitions. One of the more notable results is that the inelastic scattering probabilities vary by at most a factor of 2–3 across the entire surface Brillouin zone. Isothermal desorption measurements for the Xe overlayers are also discussed. Like the monolayer, the bilayer and trilayer exhibit nearly zeroth order desorption until ∼90% of the top layer has desorbed, where the desorption kinetics become first order.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 88 (1988), S. 7862-7892 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This paper is the first in a series covering our experiments examining the physical properties of ordered overlayers of Ar, Kr, and Xe physisorbed on Ag(111). In this paper, we examine the desorption kinetics of the Xe monolayer/Ag(111) system. Desorption is zeroth order until ∼90% of the monolayer has desorbed, then becomes first order. We also measured the inelastic scattering of an 18 meV He beam from unconstrained monolayers of (111) oriented Ar, Kr, and Xe. The transitions are mapped across the entire surface Brillouin zone from Γ¯ to M¯. The data are dispersionless, indicating that for the measured mode the adatoms are behaving as independent Einstein oscillators. Parametrized physisorption potentials for RG–Ag(111) [RG=Ar, Kr, Xe] are constructed using these results. Inelastic scattering probabilities and linewidths are also presented. The inelastic scattering probabilities vary by at most a factor of 3 across the entire surface Brillouin zone, and are reported as a function of incident angle, final wave vector, and surface temperature. Variations in the inelastic scattering probabilities are indicative of dynamical adatom–substrate coupling. Experimental techniques which turn these dynamical couplings on or off for the same phonon energy are discussed. Limited results for clean Ag(111) are also presented. It is hoped that these measurements, on such ideal systems as ordered rare gas monolayers, will provide further impetus for developing improved theoretical treatments of inelastic single phonon scattering.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 88 (1988), S. 7911-7941 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We describe experiments that measured the angle resolved intensity of He (Ei=18 and 66 meV) elastically scattering from the surfaces of rare gas overlayers physisorbed on Ag(111). These studies were done on a layer-by-layer basis for 1, 2, 3, and ∼25 ordered overlayers of Ar, Kr, and Xe. Two types of experiments are described. The first is diffraction, where the scattered He intensity was measured as a function of the detector angle, with the incident polar and azimuthal angles held constant. In the second type of experiment, selective adsorption, we measured the specular intensity as a function of incident angle. The purpose of these experiments was to examine the He–surface potential, to assess the relative contributions that various He–rare gas pair potentials, nonadditive multibody terms, and He–substrate interactions make to the systems studied. The experiments are compared with the results of accurate close-coupling calculations, in order to quantitatively perform these assessments. The comparisons between the selective adsorption data and scattering calculations demonstrate the extreme sensitivity that such measurements have to the He–surface potential. In particular, observable changes in the calculated selective adsorption spectra appear when different He–rare gas potentials are tested, or when various nonadditive terms are included in the potential. The results suggest that further refinements in the He-heavy–rare gas pair potentials may be in order.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 112 (2000), S. 2470-2478 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In this paper, we elaborate on our previous communication of high coverages of oxygen on Rh(111) [J. Chem. Phys. 110, 2757 (1999)]. When dosing with O2, half of a monolayer of O is adsorbed. Higher coverages can be achieved when exposing the surface to O atoms. As the quantity of adsorbed O increases from a half to a full monolayer, the overlayer structure undergoes several distinct phase changes. At a full monolayer, the (1×1)-O structure is stable at surface temperatures less than ∼400 K. Continued dosing with O atoms results in the rapid migration of O into the bulk. We also report on the chemical reactivity of this densely oxygen-covered surface with CO, H2, and propene. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 112 (2000), S. 9582-9589 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Water adsorbed on clean Rh(111) forms an ordered structure with a ((square root of 3)×(square root of 3))R30° diffraction pattern. This is facilitated by the close match of surface lattice constants for Rh(111) and the (0001) face of hexagonal ice, Ih. The preadsorption of small quantities of disordered oxygen improves the long-range ordering of the water overlayer. When a well-ordered half-monolayer of oxygen is grown on the Rh(111) prior to H2O exposure, there is no evidence of any long-range ordering of the water. However, when H2O is adsorbed on a (1×1)-O/Rh(111) surface, where there is a well-ordered monolayer of adsorbed oxygen, the adsorbed H2O forms a new high-density structure exhibiting a (1×1) diffraction pattern. The adsorbed H2O structure is epitaxial with respect to the underlying oxygen and rhodium. This structure persists for many layers of adsorbed water. On the clean Rh(111) surface, water molecules are adsorbed through the oxygen lone pair orbital. When the surface is fully covered with oxygen, the first layer of water can hydrogen bond to the surface, i.e., they likely adsorb with one or both of the hydrogen atoms pointing toward the surface. This creates a template for a novel structure that forms at low pressure, producing a high-density crystalline form of interfacial ice. This discovery suggests that other molecules, especially those that hydrogen bond, may form new structures on metals covered with a high-density oxygen overlayer, with associated consequences for interfacial chemistry. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 22 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Molecular, cellular and serological analysis of Major Histocompatibility Complex alleles was performed on three individuals who appeared to be HLA-DR10 homozygous by DNA restriction fragment analysis. Each donor was of different ethnic origin: Caucasoid, Asian Indian and African Negroid.The results of our studies show that the Caucasoid and Asian donors are indeed homozygous for the HLA-DR 10 allele, while the African donor also possesses the DRB1*0103 allele. Homozygosity for the HLA-A1B37-Cw6-DR10-DQ5 haplotype in the Caucasoid donor was confirmed by familial segregation analysis. The B-lymphoblastoid cell line produced from this donor should prove useful in studies of HLA immunogenetics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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