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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2011-08-11
    Description: Static pitching moment coefficient determination from location of center of pressure in right circular cone, using Newtonian impact mechanics
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA JOURNAL
    Format: text
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Sonic boom measurements have been obtained during the flights of STS-1 through 5. During STS-1, 2, and 4, entry sonic boom measurements were obtained and ascent measurements were made on STS-5. The objectives of this measurement program were (1) to define the sonic boom characteristics of the Space Transportation System (STS), (2) provide a realistic assessment of the validity of xisting theoretical prediction techniques, and (3) establish a level of confidence for predicting future STS configuration sonic boom environments. Detail evaluation and reporting of the results of this program are in progress. This paper will address only the significant results, mainly those data obtained during the entry of STS-1 at Edwards Air Force Base (EAFB), and the ascent of STS-5 from Kennedy Space Center (KSC). The theoretical prediction technique employed in this analysis is the so called Thomas Program. This prediction technique is a semi-empirical method that required definition of the near field signatures, detailed trajectory characteristics, and the prevailing meteorological characteristics as an input. This analytical procedure then extrapolates the near field signatures from the flight altitude to an altitude consistent with each measurement location.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: Shuttle Performance: Lessons Learned, Pt. 2; p 1277-1301
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Characteristics from sonic boom pressure signatures recorded at 11 locations during reentry of the Space Shuttle Orbiter Columbia are correlated with characteristics of wind tunnel signatures extrapolated from flight altitudes for Mach numbers ranging from 1.23 to 5.87. The flight pressure signature were recorded by microphones positioned at two levels near the descent groundtrack along the California corridor. The wind tunnel signatures used in theoretical predictions were measured using a 0.0041-scale model Orbiter. The mean difference between all measured and predicted overpressures is 12 percent from measured levels. With one exception, the flight signatures are very similar to theoretical n-waves.
    Keywords: ACOUSTICS
    Type: NASA-TP-2475 , S-544 , NAS 1.60:2475
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A preliminary analysis correlating peaks from sonic boom pressure signatures recorded during the descent trajectory of the Orbiter Columbia, which landed in the dry lake bed at Edwards Air Force Base (EAFB), California, with measured wind tunnel signatures extrapolated from flight altitudes to the ground has been made for Mach numbers ranging from 1.3 to 6. The flight pressure signatures were recorded by microphones positioned at ground level near the groundtrack, whereas the wind tunnel signatures were measured during a test of a 0.0041-scale model Orbiter. The agreement between overpressure estimates based on wind tunnel data using preliminary flight trajectory data and oscillograph traces from ground measurements appears reasonable at this time for the range of Mach numbers considered. More detailed studies using final flight trajectory data and digitized ground measured data will be performed.
    Keywords: ACOUSTICS
    Type: NASA-TM-58242 , S-511 , NAS 1.15:58242
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A correlation of sonic boom pressure signatures recorded during reentry of the Apollo 15 command module with wind-tunnel signatures extrapolated to flight distances has been made for Mach numbers of 1.16 and 4.57. The flight pressure signatures were recorded by pressure sensors located onboard ships positioned near the ground track while the wind-tunnel signatures were measured during tests of a 0.016-scale model of the command module. The agreement between estimates based on wind-tunnel data and flight measurements was better at Mach 4.57 than at Mach 1.16.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT
    Type: NASA-TM-X-62111
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A correlation of sonic boom pressure signatures recorded during reentry of the Apollo 16 command module with wind-tunnel signatures extrapolated to flight distances was made for Mach numbers of 1.83 and 9.71. The flight pressure signatures were recorded by microphones located onboard ships positioned near the ground track, whereas the wind tunnel signatures were measured during a test of a 0.016-scale model of the command module. The agreement between estimates based on wind tunnel data and flight measurements was good at the tested Mach numbers.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT
    Type: NASA-TM-X-62073
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: This paper discusses optimal entry trajectories for the space shuttle that minimize the weight of an entry thermal protection system. The analysis was made using mathematical models of two types of thermal protection systems that were under consideration for the space shuttle: a metallic thermal protection system, and a reusable surface insulation thermal protection system. Optimal entries were generated using maximum orbiter nose temperature as a parameter. Thermal protection system weights were computed for both fixed and variable angles of attack using three-dimensional entry trajectories. Results indicated that variable angle-of-attack entries require less thermal protection system weight than entries at a constant angle of attack (35 deg) for both systems considered. Results also showed that 95 to 99 per cent of the thermal protection system weight requirement resulted from flight regimes in which the flow was still laminar.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: AIAA PAPER 72-977 , American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Atmospheric Flight Mechanics Conference; Sept. 11-13, 1972; Palo Alto, CA
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A study of the solution problem of a complex entry optimization was studied. The problem was transformed into a two-point boundary value problem by using classical calculus of variation methods. Two perturbation methods were devised. These methods attempted to desensitize the contingency of the solution of this type of problem on the required initial co-state estimates. Also numerical results are presented for the optimal solution resulting from a number of different initial co-states estimates. The perturbation methods were compared. It is found that they are an improvement over existing methods.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA-TM-X-58151 , JSC-09205
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Analytical method artificial satellite lifetime determination
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA-TN-D-4281
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Because the shuttle differs significantly in both geometric and operational characteristics from conventional supersonic aircraft, estimation of sonic boom characteristics required a new technology base. The prediction procedures thus developed are reviewed. Flight measurements obtained for both the ascent and entry phases of the Apollo 15 and 16 and for the ascent phase only of the Apollo 17 missions are presented which verify the techniques established for application to shuttle. Results of extensive analysis of the sonic boom overpressure characteristics completed to date are presented which indicate that this factor of the shuttle's environmental impact is predictable, localized, of short duration and acceptable. Efforts are continuing to define the shuttle sonic boom characteristics to a fine level of detail based on the final system design.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT
    Type: AIAA PAPER 73-1039 , Aero-Acoustics Conference; Oct 15, 1973 - Oct 17, 1973; Seattle, WA
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