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  • 1
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    Shifts in dominant tree mycorrhizal associations in response to anthropogenic impacts (2019)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Plant-fungal symbioses play critical roles in vegetation dynamics and nutrient cycling, modulating the impacts of global changes on ecosystem functioning. Here, we used forest inventory data consisting of more than 3 million trees to develop a spatially resolved "mycorrhizal tree map" of the contiguous United States. We show that abundances of the two dominant mycorrhizal tree groups—arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and ectomycorrhizal trees—are associated primarily with climate. Further, we show that anthropogenic influences, primarily nitrogen (N) deposition and fire suppression, in concert with climate change, have increased AM tree dominance during the past three decades in the eastern United States. Given that most AM-dominated forests in this region are underlain by soils with high N availability, our results suggest that the increasing abundance of AM trees has the potential to induce nutrient acceleration, with critical consequences for forest productivity, ecosystem carbon and nutrient retention, and feedbacks to climate change.〈/p〉
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Petrology and Nd-Hf Isotope Geochemistry of the Neoproterozoic Amon Kimberlite Sills, Baffin Island (Canada): Evidence for Deep Mantle Magmatic Activity Linked to Supercontinent Cycles (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-26
    Description: The c. 673 Ma (U–Pb rutile) Amon kimberlites located in northern Baffin Island intruded Late Archean basement rocks of the Rae craton as a subhorizontal sill complex. The Amon sills are part of widespread low-volume, volatile-rich ultramafic magmatic province that occurred along the northern and eastern margins of Laurentia, demarcating the temporal and spatial breakout from the Rodinia supercontinent during the Late Neoproterozoic. Numerous other known kimberlite forward that are related to these rifting events between c. 680 and 540 Ma are located in mainland Nunavut, Ontario, Quebec, Labrador, and West Greenland. The magmas that fed the Amon sills are archetypal Group-I kimberlites, based on groundmass mineralogy (e.g. phlogopite, spinel, ilmenite) and bulk-rock compositions, including moderately depleted Sr–Nd–Hf isotope ratios. However, a wide compositional range, together with observed flowage textures, indicates that some magma differentiation occurred during sill emplacement. The Amon samples that are interpreted as parental kimberlite magma compositions overlap published compositions of experimentally derived, near-solidus partial melts of carbonated peridotite between 5 and 10 GPa; that is, equivalent to an origin from 150 to 300 km depth. Furthermore, the Amon kimberlites are characterized by moderately depleted Nd ( Nd(i) = +1·5 to +3·5) and Hf ( Hf(i) = +1·1 to +8·7) isotope compositions, without pronounced isotope decoupling as known from other kimberlite occurrences worldwide. Among the studied Late Neoproterozoic volatile-rich ultramafic magmatic rocks in Laurentia, the Amon kimberlites have Nd–Hf isotope systematics that are similar to those of a previously identified, carbonate-rich, depleted end-member component. This common component is suggested to represent a widespread near-solidus partial melt of volatile-fluxed fertile peridotite within the uppermost convecting mantle beneath the rifting supercraton. Our preferred model for Late Neoproterozoic kimberlite and related magmatism along the rifted margins of Laurentia invokes a combination of redox- and decompression-related low-degree partial melting of convecting upper mantle material that flows beneath rugged topography at the base of thick continental lithosphere. Provided that carbonate metasomatism of lower cratonic mantle is ubiquitous on a global scale, we argue that proto-kimberlitic melt is likely to be constantly present beneath the cratonic roots of supercontinents, and that it is most efficiently extracted during fast and changing plate motions, such as during the assembly and break-up of supercontinents. This idea is supported by the known kimberlite emplacement patterns of the Gondwana–Pangea (510 Ma–Recent) and Rodinia (1300–550 Ma) supercontinent cycles, but it remains difficult to test for older kimberlites and related rocks dating back to c. 3 Ga.
    Print ISSN: 0022-3530
    Electronic ISSN: 1460-2415
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 3
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    Functional polarization of tumour-associated macrophages by tumour-derived lactic acid (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-07-22
    Description: Macrophages have an important role in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. To perform this function, macrophages must have the capacity to monitor the functional states of their 'client cells': namely, the parenchymal cells in the various tissues in which macrophages reside. Tumours exhibit many features of abnormally developed organs, including tissue architecture and cellular composition. Similarly to macrophages in normal tissues and organs, macrophages in tumours (tumour-associated macrophages) perform some key homeostatic functions that allow tumour maintenance and growth. However, the signals involved in communication between tumours and macrophages are poorly defined. Here we show that lactic acid produced by tumour cells, as a by-product of aerobic or anaerobic glycolysis, has a critical function in signalling, through inducing the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and the M2-like polarization of tumour-associated macrophages. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this effect of lactic acid is mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha (HIF1alpha). Finally, we show that the lactate-induced expression of arginase 1 by macrophages has an important role in tumour growth. Collectively, these findings identify a mechanism of communication between macrophages and their client cells, including tumour cells. This communication most probably evolved to promote homeostasis in normal tissues but can also be engaged in tumours to promote their growth.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4301845/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4301845/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Colegio, Oscar R -- Chu, Ngoc-Quynh -- Szabo, Alison L -- Chu, Thach -- Rhebergen, Anne Marie -- Jairam, Vikram -- Cyrus, Nika -- Brokowski, Carolyn E -- Eisenbarth, Stephanie C -- Phillips, Gillian M -- Cline, Gary W -- Phillips, Andrew J -- Medzhitov, Ruslan -- 1 P50 CA121974/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- 1K08CA172580-01/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- 5KL2RR024138/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- AI046688/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI089771/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- CA157461/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- K08 CA172580/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P30 CA016359/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI089771/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA157461/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R37 AI046688/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- UL1 TR000142/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2014 Sep 25;513(7519):559-63. doi: 10.1038/nature13490. Epub 2014 Jul 13.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06519-1612, USA [2] Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8059, USA [3] Yale-New Haven Transplantation Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06519-1369, USA [4] Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8028, USA. ; Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06519-1612, USA. ; 1] Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06519-1612, USA [2] Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8035, USA. ; Department of Chemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, USA. ; Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8020, USA. ; 1] Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06519-1612, USA [2] Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8028, USA [3] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815-6789, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25043024" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arginase/genetics/metabolism ; Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/pathology ; Cell Communication/drug effects ; Cell Division/drug effects ; Culture Media, Conditioned/chemistry/pharmacology ; Female ; Glycolysis ; Homeostasis ; Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism ; Lactic Acid/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Macrophages/*metabolism/*pathology ; Male ; Melanoma, Experimental/pathology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Neoplasms/*metabolism/*pathology ; RNA, Messenger/analysis/genetics ; Solubility ; Up-Regulation/drug effects ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 4
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    Radon as a carcinogenic built-environmental pollutant (2017)
    Geological Society (of London)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-01-08
    Description: Radon ( 222 Rn) has been highlighted by a number of authors as a significant public health concern. For example, it is the second most significant cause of lung cancer after tobacco smoking ( c. 1000–2000 and 21 000 deaths per year in the UK and USA, respectively), yet a very high proportion of the general public appears to be unaware of the risk. This chapter deals with topical radon issues, such as: radon in the workplace; radon in homes; exposure to radon during leisure activities; radon and water; measurement and monitoring; seasonal correction; remediation; cancer risks; cost–benefit analysis and cost-effectiveness; mapping; future policies; and further research. This assessment of the state of radon research is focused on the UK as an example of a country where radon has been on the governmental agenda since the late 1970s, but also highlights radon issues throughout the world in, for example, the USA, Europe and Asia.
    Print ISSN: 0305-8719
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4927
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society (of London)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Construction of lattices for lagrange interpolation in projective space (1991)
    Springer
    Constructive approximation 7 (1991), S. 283-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0940
    Keywords: 41A05 ; 41A10 ; 41A63 ; 51N15 ; Projectivek-space ; Lagrange interpolation ; Projective transformation ; de Casteljau-Neville-Aitken algorithm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this article we construct a lattice of points which lie onk+1 pencils of hyperplanes in the projectivek-space, where, with a suitable choice of coordinate system, simple equations of the hyperplanes are obtained. This enables us to construct an interpolation formula on the projectivek-space from which interpolating polynomials on a general class of lattices in the Euclideank-space are obtained via a projective transformation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01888158
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On a certain class of Lebesgue constants (1973)
    Springer
    BIT 13 (1973), S. 434-442 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9125
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The Lebesgue constants associated with interpolation at the extrema of the Chebyshev polynomials are investigated. It is shown that these constants are smaller than those associated with the zeros of the Chebyshev polynomials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01933407
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An error estimate for least squares approximation (1975)
    Springer
    BIT 15 (1975), S. 426-430 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9125
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Upper and lower error bounds are obtained for the error of the bestL 2 polynomial approximation of degreen for a function belonging toC n+1 [−1, 1].
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01931682
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seventh degree integration rules for the sphere (1980)
    Springer
    BIT 20 (1980), S. 117-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9125
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A one-parameter family of rules is derived with all weights positive and all integration points within the sphere.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01933595
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seventh degree integration rules for R3 (1981)
    Springer
    BIT 21 (1981), S. 126-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9125
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract One-parameter families of rules are derived with all weights positive for integrals over the whole of three-dimensional space with weight functions exp (−r 2) and exp (−r).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01934079
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An error estimate for Volterra integral equations (1971)
    Springer
    BIT 11 (1971), S. 181-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9125
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A bound is given for the error incurred by using Gregory's integration formula for solving nonlinear Volterra equations of the second kind.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01934366
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