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  • 1
    ISSN: 0170-2041
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Cyclopropanimines, IV.-α-BromoketiminesThe synthesis of α-bromoketimines is achieved in two ways which complement each other. At low temperature, the reaction of α-bromoimidoyl chlorides 3 with Grignard reagents affords good yields of N-alkyl- and N-aryl-α-bromoketimines 4 in an unequivocal way with respect to the position of the bromine atom. In contrast, the N-(tert-butyl)bromo-tert-butylketenimine 6 reacts unexpectedly via substitution of the bromine.-Bromination of the N-tert-butylketimines 9, derived from methyl ketones, by N-bromosuccinimide or by 2,4,4,6-tetrabromocyclohexadienone occurs largely regioselectively at the methyl group. On warming the primary bromination products undergo (presumably acid-catalysed) isomerization and disproportionation to give equilibrium mixtures in which the bromoketimines having the bromine atom at the more highly substituted α-position predominate.-The reaction of the N-tert-butylimine of tetramethylcyclohexanone 10 with tetrabromocyclohexadienone yields a mixture of tautomeric monobromo compounds. In contrast, under all conditions tried bromine reacts to give only the α-α'-dibromoenamine 17. For steric reasons, this reacts exclusively at the nitrogen atom with protons or excess bromine.-The structures of all compounds are confirmed by IR and 1 H-NMR spectra, from which conclusions are also drawn concerning the preferred configuration and conformation.
    Notes: Die Synthese von α-Bromketiminen gelingt auf zwei Wegen, die sich ergänzen. Umsetzung der α-Bromimidoylchloride 3 mit Grignard-Verbindungen bei tiefer Temperatur ergibt eindeutig bezüglich der Stellung des Bromatoms in guten Ausbeuten die N-Alkyl- und N-Aryl-α-bromketimine 4. Das N-(tert-Butyl)brom-tert-butylketenimin 6 reagiert dagegen unerwartet unter Substitution des Broms.-Die Bromierung der N-tert-Butylketimine 9, die sich von Methylketonen ableiten, mit N-Bromsuccinimid oder 2,4,4,6-Tetrabromcyclohexadienon erfolgt weitgehend regioselektiv an der Methylgruppe. Aus den primären Bromierungsprodukten erhält man beim Erwärmen durch (vermutlich säurekatalysierte) Isomerisierung und Disproportionierung Gleichgewichtsgemische, in denen die Bromimine 13 mit dem Bromatom an der höhersubstituierten α-Stellung stark überwiegen.-Das N-tert-Butylimin des Tetramethylcyclohexanons 10 liefert mit dem Tetrabrom-cyclohexadienon ein Tautomerengemisch von Monobrom-Verbindungen, mit Brom dagegen stets nur das α-α'-Dibromenamin 17. Aus sterischen Gründen reagiert dieses mit Protonen oder überschüssigem Brom nur noch am Stickstoff.-Die Strukturen der Verbindungen werden durch IR-und 1H-NMR-Spektren gesichert, aus denen auch Rückschlüsse auf die bevorzugte Konfiguration und Konformation abgeleitet werden.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0170-2041
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: 2-Bromoimidoyl ChloridesBy controlled heating in thionyl chloride, the sluggishly reacting 2-bromoamides 6 are converted to the 2-bromoimidoyl chlorides 7 which are isolated in pure form and characterized by their IR, 1H-NMR, and in part by their 13C-NMR spectra. The limitations of the method are traced back to either too low a reactivity of the 2-bromoamides or the thermal decomposition of the formed imidoyl chlorides via the von Braun reaction.
    Notes: Durch kontrolliertes Erhitzen in Thionylchlorid werden die reaktionsträgen 2-Bromamide 6 in die 2-Bromimidoylchloride 7 übergeführt, die rein dargestellt und IR-, 1 H-NMR- und zum Teil auch 13C-NMR-spektroskopisch charakterisiert werden. Die Grenzen der Methode werden auf zu geringe Reaktivität der 2-Bromamide oder die thermische Zersetzung der gebildeten Imidoylchloride in einer Von-Braun-Reaktion zurückgeführt.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1980 (1980), S. 1814-1835 
    ISSN: 0170-2041
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Cyclopropanimines, V.  -  Ring-substituted Cyclopropanimines from α-BromoketiminesGood yields of N-alkyl- and N-arylcyclopropanimines 9 are obtained from the α-bromoketimines 8 in a 1,3-elimination of hydrogen bromide by means of an excess of potassium tert-butoxide in tetrahydrofuran. The α-bromoimine 14 forms the imine 15 derived from bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane. In part, the limitations of this 1,3-elimination can be traced back to an unsufficient acidity of the α'-protons of the α-bromoimines. All isolated cyclopropanimines are colorless, in vacuo distillable oils or low-melting crystals. Their stability parallels the size of the nitrogen substituent. As shown by their 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra as well as the measurement of the ASISa) and the temperature dependence of 1H-NMR spectra the cyclopropanimines 9 exist as mixtures of (E,Z)-diastereomers. The (E)/(Z) ratio of the diastereomers increases with increasing size of the nitrogen substituent. According to its 13C-NMR spectrum, the bicyclo[3.1.0]hexanimine 15 prefers the boat conformation. The IR, UV, 1H-, and 13C-NMR spectra of the cyclopropanimines are compared to those of other heteromethylenecyclopropanes and of acyclic compounds. The main fragmentation paths in the mass spectromter do not correspond to the thermal decomposition of the cyclopropanimines into isocyanides and alkenes.
    Notes: N-Alkyl- und N-Arylcyclopropanimine 9 erhält man in guter Ausbeute aus den α-Bromketiminen 8 durch 1,3-Eliminierung von Bromwasserstoff mit überschüssigem Kalium-tert-butylat in Tetrahydrofuran. Aus dem α-Bromcyclohexanimin 14 entsteht das vom Bicyclo[3.1.0]hexan abgeleitete Imin 15. Die Grenzen dieser 1,3-Eliminierung liegen zum Teil in zu geringer Acidität der α'-Protonen der α-Bromimine begründet. Alle isolierten Cyclopropanimine sind farblose, im Vakuum destillierbare Öle oder niedrigschmelzende Kristalle. Ihre Stabilität steigt mit der Größe des N-Substituenten. Aufgrund von 1H- und 13C-NMR-Spektren sowie Messungen von ASISa) und Temperaturabhängigkeit von 1H-NMR-Spektren liegen die Cyclopropanimine 9 als (E,Z)-Diastereomeren-Gemische vor. Der (E)-Anteil nimmt mit der Größe des N-Substituenten zu. Laut 13C-NMR-Spektrum bevorzugt das Bicyclo[3.1.0]hexanimin 15 die Boot-Konformation. Die IR-, UV-, 1H- und 13C-NMR-Spektren der Cyclopropanimine werden mit denen anderer Heteromethylencyclopropane und acyclischer Verbindungen verglichen. Die Hauptzerfallswege der Cyclopropanimine im Massenspektrometer entsprechen nicht dem thermischen Zerfall in Isocyanid und Alken.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0170-2041
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Cyclopropanimines, VI1).  -  Nucleophilic Ring-Opening of CyclopropaniminesDie Ergebnisse sind der Dissertation von R. Frank, Würzburg 1974, entnommen.The sterically hindered cyclopropanimine 1a is hydrolyzed in neutral as well as in basic media, affording the acyclic amide 15a derived from the higher branched carboxylic acid just like the Favorskii product 6 of the α-bromo ketone 3. The less branched isomeric amide 14 could not be detected in the hydrolysis product. Reduction of 1a with LiAlH4 furnished the acyclic secondary amine 16a.
    Notes: Das sterisch gehinderte Cyclopropanimin 1a hydrolysiert in neutralem und alkalischem Medium zum acyclischen Amid 15a, das sich wie das Favorskii-Produkt 6 des α-Bromketons 3 von der stärker verzweigten Carbonsäure ableitet. Das isomere Amid 14 war im Hydrolyseprodukt von 1a nicht nachweisbar. Bei der Reduktion von 1a mit LiAlH4 erhielt man das acyclische, sekundäre Amin 16a.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2012-11-30
    Description: The Journal of Physical Chemistry B DOI: 10.1021/jp3064432
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-5207
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2004-02-15
    Description: Sepsis is associated with a systemic activation of coagulation and an excessive inflammatory response. Anticoagulants have been shown to inhibit both coagulation and inflammation in sepsis. In this study, we used both genetic and pharmacologic approaches to analyze the role of tissue factor and protease-activated receptors in coagulation and inflammation in a mouse endotoxemia model. We used mice expressing low levels of the procoagulant molecule, tissue factor (TF), to analyze the effects of TF deficiency either in all tissues or selectively in hematopoietic cells. Low TF mice had reduced coagulation, inflammation, and mortality compared with control mice. Similarly, a deficiency of TF expression by hematopoietic cells reduced lipopolysaccharide (LPS)–induced coagulation, inflammation, and mortality. Inhibition of the down-stream coagulation protease, thrombin, reduced fibrin deposition and prolonged survival without affecting inflammation. Deficiency of either protease activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) or protease activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) alone did not affect inflammation or survival. However, a combination of thrombin inhibition and PAR-2 deficiency reduced inflammation and mortality. These data demonstrate that hematopoietic cells are the major pathologic site of TF expression during endotoxemia and suggest that multiple protease-activated receptors mediate crosstalk between coagulation and inflammation.
    Print ISSN: 0006-4971
    Electronic ISSN: 1528-0020
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2003-05-15
    Description: In septic shock, tissue factor (TF) activates blood coagulation, and cytokines and chemokines orchestrate an inflammatory response. In this study, the role of Egr-1 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induction of TF and inflammatory mediators in vivo was evaluated using Egr-1+/+ and Egr-1−/− mice. Administration of LPS transiently increased the steady-state levels of Egr-1 mRNA in the kidneys and lungs of Egr-1+/+ mice with maximal induction at one hour. Egr-1 was expressed in epithelial cells in the kidneys and lungs in untreated and LPS-treated mice. LPS induction of monocyte chemoattractant protein mRNA in the kidneys and lungs of Egr-1−/− mice was not affected at 3 hours, but its expression was significantly reduced at 8 hours compared with the expression observed in Egr-1+/+ mice. Similarly, LPS induction of TF mRNA expression in the kidneys and lungs at 8 hours was reduced in Egr-1−/− mice. However, Egr-1 deficiency did not affect plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor α in endotoxemic mice. Moreover, Egr-1+/+ and Egr-1−/− mice exhibited similar survival times in a model of acute endotoxemia. These data indicate that Egr-1 does not contribute to the early inflammatory response in the kidneys and lungs or the early systemic inflammatory response in endotoxemic mice. However, Egr-1 does contribute to the sustained expression of inflammatory mediators and to the maximal expression of TF at 8 hours in the kidneys and lungs.
    Print ISSN: 0006-4971
    Electronic ISSN: 1528-0020
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2004-11-16
    Description: Acute inflammatory diseases are often accompanied by coagulation activation leading to local thrombotic complications and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Recent studies support the concept of crosstalk between coagulation and inflammation. The synthetic pentasaccharide, fondaparinux, is a selective antithrombin-dependent inhibitor of coagulation factor Xa. In this study, we investigated the effect of fondaparinux in a lethal murine model of kidney ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury that is associated with coagulation and inflammation. Fondaparinux treatment of I/R-injured mice significantly reduced serum creatinine levels and increased survival from 0 to 44% compared with saline treated control mice. In contrast, depletion of fibrinogen with ancrod was not protective, suggesting that fondaparinux may have additional properties beyond its anticoagulant activity. Indeed, fondaparinux significantly reduced IL-6 and MIP-2 expression but did not reduce MCP-1 expression. Furthermore, fondaparinux significantly decreased neutrophil accumulation in the injured kidneys. Finally, we showed that fondaparinux reduced recruitment of neutrophils into the peritoneum in a model of acute peritonitis and inhibited the binding of U937 cells to P-selectin in vitro. Our data indicate that fondaparinux has both anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory activity reducing fibrin deposition and blocking the binding of inflammatory cells to activated endothelium. Fondaparinux may be useful in the treatment of acute inflammatory diseases.
    Print ISSN: 0006-4971
    Electronic ISSN: 1528-0020
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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