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  • 1
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     4   GABAA receptors are high-affinity targets for  -hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-07-02
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 2
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    Specific GABAA receptors are targets for GHB [Neuroscience] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-08-15
    Description: γ-Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) binding to brain-specific high-affinity sites is well-established and proposed to explain both physiological and pharmacological actions. However, the mechanistic links between these lines of data are unknown. To identify molecular targets for specific GHB high-affinity binding, we undertook photolinking studies combined with proteomic analyses and identified several...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 3
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    Changes in the composition of extracellular polymeric substances in activated sludge during anaerobic storage (1996)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1996-02-20
    Print ISSN: 0175-7598
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-0614
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Published by Springer
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in the composition of extracellular polymeric substances in activated sludge during anaerobic storage (1996)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 44 (1996), S. 823-830 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract  Changes in the chemical composition of organic compounds in total activated sludge, activated sludge extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), and sludge bulk water during anaerobic storage (12 days) were studied. The background for the study was that anaerobic storage of activated sludge, which often takes place at wastewater treatment plants before dewatering, causes a deterioration of the dewaterability. The reasons are not known at present, but may be related to changes in exopolymer composition of the flocs. The results showed that a fast decrease in total sludge protein and carbohydrate took place within 3 days of anaerobic storage as a result of degradation processes, which accounted for approximately 20% of the organic fraction. The amount of uronic acids and humic compounds remained almost constant in the sludge. The EPS were extracted from the floc matrix using a cation-exchange resin. In the EPS matrix a similar initial (2–3 days) degradation of proteins and carbohydrate took place, whereas the content of DNA and uronic acids showed minor changes. The extractability of humic compounds increased during the first 3 days of storage. No changes in extractability of the carbohydrate were observed. A fraction of the EPS protein was found to be difficult to extract but was observed to be degraded during the anaerobic storage. The EPS composition was further characterized by high-performance size-exclusion chromatography analysis obtained by on-line UV detection and post-column detection of proteins, carbohydrates, humic compounds and DNA. Four fractions of polysaccharides were found, of which only one was responsible for the decrease in the carbohydrate content observed with storage time. The fraction was presumably of low molecular mass. Humic compounds and volatile fatty acids (acetate and propionate) were released to the bulk water from the flocs during the storage. A possible mechanism to explain the reduced dewaterability developed during anaerobic storage, partly because of the observed changes in EPS, is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00178625
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in the composition of extracellular polymeric substances in activated sludge during anaerobic storage (1996)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 44 (1996), S. 823-830 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Changes in the chemical composition of organic compounds in total activated sludge, activated sludge extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), and sludge bulk water during anaerobic storage (12 days) were studied. The background for the study was that anaerobic storage of activated sludge, which often takes place at wastewater treatment plants before dewatering, causes a deterioration of the dewaterability. The reasons are not known at present, but may be related to changes in exopolymer composition of the flocs. The results showed that a fast decrease in total sludge protein and carbohydrate took place within 3 days of anaerobic storage as a result of degradation processes, which accounted for approximately 20% of the organic fraction. The amount of uronic acids and humic compounds remained almost constant in the sludge. The EPS were extracted from the floc matrix using a cationexchange resin. In the EPS matrix a similar initial (2–3 days) degradation of proteins and carbohydrate took place, whereas the content of DNA and uronic acids showed minor changes. The extractability of humic compounds increased during the first 3 days of storage. No changes in extractability of the carbohydrate were observed. A fraction of the EPS protein was found to be difficult to extract but was observed to be degraded during the anaerobic storage. The EPS composition was further characterized by high-performance size-exclusion chromatography analysis obtained by on-line UV detection and post-column detection of proteins, carbohydrates, humic compounds and DNA. Four fractions of polysaccharides were found, of which only one was responsible for the decrease in the carbohydrate content observed with storage time. The fraction was presumably of low molecular mass. Humic compounds and volatile fatty acids (acetate and propionate) were released to the bulk water from the flocs during the storage. A possible mechanism to explain the reduced dewaterability developed during anaerobic storage, partly because of the observed changes in EPS, is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00178625
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Implementation of an HPLC polystyrene divinylbenzene column for separation of activated sludge exopolymers (1994)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 41 (1994), S. 708-716 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract A high-pressure size-exclusion chromatography procedure for separation of activated sludge exopolymers was investigated and implemented in order to achieve a documented and faster separation procedure than the conventional low-pressure size-exclusion chromatography methods previously suggested in studies of activated sludges from a traditional and an advanced from activated sludges from a traditional and an advanced activated sludge treatment plant performing biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal were used. For both types of exopolymers the separation was largely dependent on the mobile-phase. Using NaCl and ortho-phosphate in the molar proportion 10:1 it was shown that for a mobile-phase ionic strength of 0.011 and pH in the range 7.0–10.0 no irreversible column adsorption occurred. For a standard procedure a mobile-phase pH of 7.0 was selected in order to separate the exopolymers into the maximal number of peaks. Alterations in the mobile-phase, i.e. using a pH below 7.0 or a mobile-phase ionic strength above 0.011, changed the separation for both types of exopolymers and caused irreversible column adsorption. Similarly, using deionized water as the mobile-phase irreversible column adsorption was introduced and the separation was strongly affected. The method applicability for qualitative characterization of exopolymers was demonstrated. The method was found to be successful in showing differences and similarities between exopolymers from two different activated sludge treatment plants, showing degradation of exopolymer compounds due to exoenzymes in the exopolymers and showing that snow melting and subsequent high conductivity in the inlet to the waste-water treatment plant had an impact on the chromatographic fingerprint of the extracted exopolymers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00167289
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Implementation of an HPLC polystyrene divinylbenzene column for separation of activated sludge exopolymers (1994)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 41 (1994), S. 708-716 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract A high-pressure size-exclusion chromatography procedure for separation of activated sludge exopolymers was investigated and implemented in order to achieve a documented and faster separation procedure than the conventional low-pressure size-exclusion chromatography methods previously suggested in studies of activated sludge exopolymers. Exopolymers originating from activated sludges from a traditional and an advanced activated sludge treatment plant performing biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal were used. For both types of exopolymers the separation was largely dependent on the mobile-phase. Using NaCl and ortho–phosphate in the molar proportion 10 : 1 it was shown that for a mobile-phase ionic strength of 0.011 and pH in the range 7.0–10.0 no irreversible column adsorption occurred. For a standard procedure a mobile-phase pH of 7.0 was selected in order to separate the exopolymers into the maximal number of peaks. Alterations in the mobile-phase, i.e. using a pH below 7.0 or a mobile-phase ionic strength above 0.011, changed the separation for both types of exopolymers and caused irreversible column adsorption. Similarly, using deionized water as the mobile-phase irreversible column adsorption was introduced and the separation was strongly affected. The method applicability for qualitative characterization of exopolymers was demonstrated. The method was found to be successful in showing differences and similarities between exopolymers from two different activated sludge treatment plants, showing degradation of exopolymer compounds due to exoenzymes in the exopolymers and showing that snow melting and subsequent high conductivity in the inlet to the waste-water treatment plant had an impact on the chromatographic fingerprint of the extracted exopolymers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00167289
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enzymatic activity in the activated-sludge floc matrix (1995)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 43 (1995), S. 755-761 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract  The enzymatic activity of activated sludge was investigated with special emphasis on the localization of the enzymes in the sludge floc matrix. Activated sludge from an advanced activated-sludge treatment plant, performing biological N and P removal, was used. An enzymatic fingerprint was established using a panel of six different enzymes. The fingerprint revealed peptidase as the most dominating specific enzyme tested. By monitoring sludge bulk enzymatic activity over a 3-month period using fluorescein diacetate as an enzyme substrate, considerable variations in activity were observed even over short periods (a few days). The variation in esterase activity was to some extent correlated to the presence of humic compounds in the sludge, but not to the sludge protein content. Comparison of full sludge enzyme activity to the activity of a batch-grown sludge culture indicated that enzymes accumulated in sludge flocs. A large proportion of the exoenzymes were immobilized in the sludge by adsorption in the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) matrix. This was demonstrated by extraction of EPS from the activated sludge using cation exchange. Contemporary to the release of EPS a very large fraction of the exoenzymes was released into the water. This showed that the exoenzymes should be considered to be an integrated part of the EPS matrix rather than as direct indicators of the microbial activity or biomass.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00164784
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