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  • 1
    Publication Date: 1989-05-01
    Description: A linear correlation exists between long-term growth rates and calorimetrically measured metabolic heat rates in some clones of larch (Larixlaricina (Du Roi) K. Koch). The metabolic heat rate per gram of tissue was found to be highly variable among clones from different trees and reproducible for clones of the same tree. The ordering of metabolic rates for clones was shown to be independent of the physiological growth stage in which the measurements were made. Winter-hardened tissue was found to be immediately active on warming to room temperature.
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    Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 1983-12-01
    Description: The effects of self-pollination in white spruce, Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss, were examined in 20 trees in three populations. The most drastic effect is the increased frequency of empty seeds which averages over 90%, and is 5 to 22 times higher than that from comparable cross-pollinations. The average numbers of embryonic lethal equivalents, although highly variable for individual trees, averaged 8.0, 9.1, and 12.9 for the three populations. Self-pollination also resulted in slightly lower germination and reduced survival. The total number of lethal equivalents affecting seed yield, germination, and survival to age 17 years is estimated as 12.6. The effect of selfing on growth becomes evident at age 2 years and increases to age 17 years when seedlings from self-pollinations averaged 44.5% shorter and 63.7% smaller diameter than seedlings from unrelated matings.
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 1988-06-01
    Description: Red spruce, Picearubens Sarg., from 30 provenances was tested over a 23-year period at six locations in the Maritimes Region of Canada. Twenty-eight of the provenances were from the Maritimes Region and two were from West Virginia. Hybrid index was used to distinguish pure red spruce from red–black spruce derivatives. Trees from three of the Maritimes provenances were considered to be of hybrid origin. These three provenances produced the fastest-growing trees in the tests. The genetic variation pattern, at the provenance level, in pure red spruce of Maritimes origin is not well defined. Use of seed from provenances identified as superior for reforestation would result in about 10% greater height and diameter growth than would be obtained from average seed. The use of seed of poor provenances could result in a corresponding loss of growth. Height at ages 10, 15, and 23 years and diameter at age 23 years were all strongly correlated, suggesting that superior provenances of red spruce can be identified at age 10. The Maritimes Region can be considered as a single breeding zone for tree improvement efforts with red spruce.
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 1988-01-01
    Description: Range-wide provenance tests of black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) established at 10 locations in the Maritime provinces were evaluated. Based on the 14-year data, the genetic variation in the species is predominantly clinal. The magnitude of provenance × location interactions is moderately large, and stability of provenances varies widely. Trees of Maritime origin generally performed well, suggesting that there is little advantage in going outside the region to obtain black spruce seed. Seed transfer recommendations are summarized, and three overlapping breeding zones are delineated for the Maritime provinces.
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 1983-02-01
    Description: Between 1974 and 1981, the cross black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.)B.S.P.) × Sitka spruce (P. sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) was attempted on over 2000 black spruce strobilis on 39 trees. Of 58 different tree × pollen combinations attempted, 48 yielded viable seeds. Species crossability, although highly variable on an individual-tree basis, averages about 5%. Hybrid seeds have slightly poorer germination and produce more abnormal seedlings than nonhybrid seeds. The hybrid seedlings are intermediate between the parents for most taxonomic characters and are clearly distinguishable from the parents on the basis of bud scale shape and serrations. Within-family variation in growth is higher in hybrid than in nonhybrid families, and most hybrid families contain a few exceptional seedlings. Methods of mass producing these exceptional seedlings are discussed. It is suggested that black spruce and Sitka spruce should be placed in different subsections of section Omorika, genus Picea.
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 1977-06-01
    Description: Starch gel electrophoresis was used to survey for genetically determined enzyme mobility differences among 297 megagametophytes of red pine (Pinusresinosa Ait.) from five widely separated geographical sources. Consistent and reproducible enzyme banding patterns were observed with five of the seven isozyme systems assayed. No variation in band mobility was observed in any of these systems. This result stands in contrast with those reported from surveys of allozyme variation in other coniferous species but is consistent with the low degree of genetic variation observed in red pine for higher levels of genetic organization. It is concluded that red pine is genetically depauperate.Possible explanations for restricted genetic diversity are discussed. The most plausible explanation suggests that red pine was at sometime, possibly during the Pleistocene, reduced to a small refugial population and has yet to reestablish equilibrium heterozygosity.
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 1984-12-01
    Description: Natural inbreeding and relatedness among neighboring trees were studied in several central New Brunswick populations of white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss). Coefficients of relationship (r) were estimated by comparing the self-, neighbor-, open-, and unrelated-pollination effects on percent full seed. The estimates were 0.29 and 0.28 for neighbor and open pollinations, respectively. The effects of natural inbreeding on juvenile traits, e.g., germination and early growth, were slight while the effect on height growth increased with age at least to age 7 years. Neighboring white spruce trees growing in natural stands appear to be related at about the half-sib level (r = 0.25). Based on percent full seed, open-pollination approximates a level of inbreeding expected from trees related at a level well above that of half-sibs. Differential selection at the pre-embryo to early seedling stages results in progenies again related at the half-sib level. It is suggested that an inbreeding equilibrium exists in natural stands of white spruce and that this equilibrium approximates that expected from half-sib matings (F = 0.125). The inbreeding equilibrium is controlled, at least in part, by the frequency of lethal genes in the populations.
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 1981-03-01
    Description: Survival and total height of red spruce (Picearubens Sarg.) at ages 15 and 22 years from seed are reported. Twelve provenances distributed from North Carolina to Quebec were grown in three experiments each in Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick; seven additional provenances were only partially represented. Variance, correlation, and regression analyses were made. Results at both ages were very similar. Provenance differences in survival were small at individual sites and significant only when the results from all nine sites were combined. Provenance differences in height were well expressed and significant in each of the three groups of tests, with northern provenances growing best. Several provenances were also relatively stable and performed well from site to site. Correlation and regression analyses showed that variation in height was more closely related to the degree of introgressive hybridization with black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) than to latitude, elevation, or precipitation at the place of seed origin. These results were conditioned by development on open sites which are not typical red spruce sites.In contrast with expectations when the study was initiated, it is now apparent that provenances from the southern Appalachian Mountains in West Virginia and North Carolina are less variable than expected and not suitable for reforestation in Canada.
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1987-05-01
    Description: The cross white spruce, Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss, × Sitka spruce, Piceasitchensis (Bong.) Carr., was attempted on over 18 000 ovulate strobili on 29 clones of white spruce with pollens from 45 clones of Sitka spruce. All 300 single pair matings and 18 polycross matings were successful in that they produced one or more full seeds per cone. The cross white × white spruce was simultaneously attempted on over 3500 strobili on the same 29 clones. Crossability estimates, determined on an individual cross basis or on a year basis, were highly variable. Average crossability, based on data acquired over 7 years, is 54 to 55% and indicates a close relationship between white and Sitka spruce. White, Sitka, and Engelmann spruce, P. engelmannii (Parry) Engelm., should be assigned to section Omorika, subsection Glaucoides of the genus Picea.
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1977-03-01
    Description: Seed collected from 30 stands of black spruce, 15 upland and 15 lowland, was tested by germination, nursery performance at two nurseries, and field planting at three locations; results were measured to the 5th and 10th year after planting.Significant differences (seed size, germination, seedling size, survival, and height growth) were found between the three geographical locations: Cochrane, Geraldton, and Thunder Bay. Only very minor differences were found between upland and lowland types. Strong significant differences were found between individual collection stands, indicating that superior stands for seed collection could be located and preserved.
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