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  • 1
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The emergence behaviour of weed species in relation to cultural and meteorological events was studied. Dissimilarities between populations in dormancy and germination ecology, between-year maturation conditions and seed quality and burial site climate all contribute to potentially unpredictable variability. Therefore, a weed emergence data set was produced for weed seeds of Stellaria media and Chenopodium album matured and collected from three populations (Italy, Sweden and UK). The seeds were collected in two consecutive seasons (1999 and 2000) and subsequently buried in the autumn of the same year of maturation in eight contrasting climatic locations throughout Europe and the USA. The experiment sought to explore and explain differences between the three populations in their emergence behaviour. Evidence was demonstrated of synchrony in the timing of the emergence of different populations of a species at a given burial site. The relative magnitudes of emergence from the three populations at a given burial site in a given year were generally similar across all the burial sites in the study. The resulting data set was also used to construct a simple weed emergence model, which was tested for its application to the range of different burial environments and populations. The study demonstrated the possibility of using a simple thermal time-based model to describe part of the emergence behaviour across different burial sites, seed populations and seasons, and a simple winter chilling relationship to adjust for the magnitude of the flush of emergence at a given burial site. This study demonstrates the possibility of developing robust generic models for simple predictions of emergence timing across populations.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary To date, several crop : weed competition models have been developed. Developers of the various models were invited to compare model performance using a common data set. The data set consisted of wheat and Lolium rigidum grown in monoculture and mixtures under dryland and irrigated conditions. Results from four crop : weed competition models are presented: almanac, apsim, cropsim and intercom. For all models, deviations between observed and predicted values for monoculture wheat were only slightly lower than for wheat grown in competition with L. rigidum, even though the workshop participants had access to monoculture data while parameterizing models. Much of the error in simulating competition outcome was associated with difficulties in accurately simulating growth of individual species. Relatively simple competition algorithms were capable of accounting for the majority of the competition response. Increasing model complexity did not appear to dramatically improve model accuracy. Comparison of specific competition processes, such as radiation interception, was very difficult since the effects of these processes within each model could not be isolated. Algorithms for competition processes need to be modularised in such a way that exchange, evaluation and comparison across models is facilitated.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 27 (1987), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: An expérimental procedure was designed to provide a simple model for types of analyses necessary to determine weed density thresholds for advantageous use of crop plants engineered for herbicide resistance. Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L., cv. Tower) biotypes resistant (RES) and susceptible (SUS) to atrazine were used as model crop plants, and wild oat (Avena fatua L.) was used as the model weed. Along a wild oat density gradient equivalent to 0–128 plants m−2, RES plants consistently experienced biomass and yield reductions of approximately 10–20% compared to SUS plants. When atrazine was applied at 1.5 kg ha−1 to control wild oats competing with RES plants, RES biomasses and yields were stabilized at the same level as that where 25–30 wild oats m−2 reduce yields of SUS plants. This implies that with wild oat densities of 25–30 plants m−2, it becomes agronomically advantageous to crop with RES plants plus atrazine rather than to crop with higher-yielding SUS plants.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 32 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Bioeconomic models for weed management ultimately require knowledge of weed densities. Weed seedling populations may be predicted by multiplying emergence rates by seedbank densities. However, emergence rates vary according to species, year and management. Furthermore, seedbank estimates may vary with sampling technique, size, number and date. These variables must be quantified before bioeconomic models can be used profitably. Consequently, two experiments were initiated, both in conventionally managed maize. The first experiment documented proportional seedling emergence across years and sites for three taxa: foxtail (Setaria glauca [L.] Beauv. and S. viridis [L.] Beauv. combined), pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), and lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.). The second experiment was devoted to methodology for estimation of seedbanks: sampling date (autumn or spring), technique (seed extraction or glasshouse germination), and soil sample size for the seed extraction technique. For emergence rates, the following order was observed: foxtail 〉 lambs-quarters 〉 pigweed. Emergence rates for each species were related in a parabolic manner to growing degree-days in April. The glasshouse technique appeared to be more reliable than seed extraction for correlation with field seedling densities. For the seed extraction technique, a minimum soil sample size of 100 g was necessary. A spring sampling date appears to be more reliable than an autumn date, probably because many seemingly viable seeds die during winter. Prevision de la densité deplantules d'adventices a partir des reserves de graines enfouies Les modèles bioéconomiques en matière de desherbage impliquent la connaissance des densités d'adventices. Les populations de plantules adventices peuvent être prévues à partir des taux de levées multipliés par les densités du stock grainier. Cependant, les taux de levée varient avec les espèces, l'année, et les méthodes culturales; et les estimations du stock grainier peuvent varier avec la technique d'échantillonnage, son nombre, sa taille et sa date. Ces variables doivent être quantifiées avant que les modèles bioéconomiques puissent être utilisés avec profit. En conséquence, deux expérimentations ont été mises en place, les deux en culture de maïs conventionnelle.La première expérimentation a indiqué le taux de levée des plantules pour les différentes années et sites de 3 taxons: setaires (Setaria glauca [L.] Beauv. et S. viridis [L.] Beauv., en association), amaranthe réfléchie (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) et chenopode blanc (Chenopodium album L.). La seconde expérimentation était consacrée à la méthodologie d'estimation du stock grainier: date d'échantillonnage (automne ou printemps); technique (extraction des graines ou germination en serre) et taille de l'échantillon de sol pour la technique df'extraction des graines. Pour les taux de levée: sétaires 〉 chénopode blanc 〉 amaranthe. Les taux de levée pour chaque espèce sont liés de façon parabolique avec les degrés/jour de croissance en Avril — la technique en serre apparaît plus fiable que l'extraction des graines pour la corrélation avec les densités d'adventices au champ.Pour la technique d'extraction des graines, la taille minimum de l'échantillon nécessaire était de 100 g: un échantillonnage de printemps apparait meilleur qu'un d'automne, probablement parce que de nombreuses semences paraissant viables meurent durant l'hiver. Prognose der Keimpflanzendichte von Unkräutern nach dem Samenvorrat im Boden Bioökomische Modelle in der Unkrautbekämpfung setzen die Kenntnis der Unkrautdichte voraus. Die Keimpflanzendichte kann mit dem Produkt aus der Samendichte im Boden mit der Keimrate errechnet werden. Die Keimrate variiert jedoch je nach Pflanzenart, Jahr und Kulturbedingungen, und die Bestimmung der Samenbank hängt von der Probennahmetechnik, -größe, -zahl und -zeit ab. Diese Variablen müssen quantifiziert werden, um brauchbare bioökonomische Modelle zu erhalten. Deshalb wurden in normal angebautem Mais 2 Versuche angelegt, um zum einen die Keimpflanzendichte von 3 Arten(gruppen), Fuchsrote Borstenhirse (Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv.)+Grüne B. (S. viridis (L.) Beauv.), Zurückgekrümmter Amarant (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) und Weißer Gänsefuß (Chenopodium album L.), über die Jahre und an verschiedenen Punkten festzustellen und sich zum anderen mit der Methodik der Bestimmung der Samenbank zu befassen: Probennahmezeit (Herbst und Frühjahr), -technik (Samenauswaschung oder Keimung im Gewächshaus) und Bodenprobenumfang. Die Keimraten (im April) waren: Borstenhirse 〉 Gänsefuß 〉 Amarant. Die Keimung im Gewächshaus ergab für die Korrelation mit der Keimpflanzendichte im Feld bessere Werte als die Samenauswaschung. Für die Auswaschung waren mindestens 100 g Boden erforderlich. Probennahmen im Frühjahr erwiesen sich als günstiger als im Herbst, vermutlich wegen des Absterbens vieler keimfähiger Samen über Winter.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 26 (1986), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. is a serious biennial alien weed only in pasture land in Australia. To identify reasons for such preferential infestation and to isolate sensitive stages in the life history of C. vulgare, comparative demographic analyses were conducted in grazed, ungrazed and herbicide-treated Mediterranean-like pastures in south-eastern Australia. Grazing by sheep (i) reduced competition from neighbouring plants, (ii) increased C. vulgare growth, flowering and seed (achene) production, and (iii) promoted survival of C. vulgare seedlings. The most sensitive period in the life of C. vulgare appears to be the transition from the seedling to rosette life stages where, for example, an average survival rate of only 0.2 and 1.0% occurred in ungrazed and grazed pastures, respectively. In contrast, 10 and 15% of seeds successfully emerge on average as seedlings, and 49 and 51% of rosettes successfully develop into adult plants. Control of C. vulgare with dicamba was most effective just after initiation of autumn rainfall. This time corresponds to the period of naturally high seedling mortality in C. vulgare induced by competition from neighbouring plants. Démographie de Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. et sa maîtrise par rapport au pâturage Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. est une mauvaise herbe bisannuelle en Australie, d'origine étrangère, mais elle n'est importante que dans les pâtures. Dans le but de déterminer les raisons de cette préférence et d'établier les stades sensibles dans le cycle de C. vulgare, des analyses démographiques ont été entreprises au sud-est de l'Australie dans des pâtures de type méditerranéen. Le pâturage des moutons a diminué la concurrence des plantes voisines, rendu plus importantes la croissance de C. vulgare ainsi que sa floraison et la production de graines (akènes) et favorisé la survie des jeunes plants adventices. Il parait que le stade le plus sensible de la vie de C. vulgare est la période de transition du stade jeune plant au stade rosette, où le taux moyen de survie était de 0,2% sans et 1% avec pâturage. Par contre, une levée de 10 et 15% des graines a été constatée et 49 et 51% des rosettes deviennent des plantes adultes. Le dicamba s'est montré le plus efficace contre C. vulgare en application juste après le commencement des pluies d'automne, époque d'une forte mortalité naturelle parmi les jeunes plants, provoquée par la concurrence des plantes voisines. Populationsdynamik und Bekämpfung von Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. unter Bezug auf Beweidung Cirsium vulgare tritt in Australien nur in Weideland als wichtiges, zweijähriges, adventives Unkraut auf. Um Ursachen für die selektive Besiedelung von Grasland und um empfindliche Entwicklungsstadien im Entwicklungszyklus herauszufinden, wurden in SO-Australien vergleichende populationsdynamische Untersuchungen in beweidetem, unbeweidetem und mit Herbiziden behandeltem Grasland von mediterranem Typus durchgeführt. Die Beweidung durch Schafe hatte zur Folge, dass (i) die Konkurrenz durh benachbarte Pflanzen verringert, (ii) das Wachstum, Blühen und die Samenproduktion von C. vulgare gesteigert und (iii) die Ueberlebensrate von C. vulgare-Sämlingen erhöht wurden. Es scheint, dass im Entwicklungszyklus von C. vulgare der Uebergang vom Sämlings-zum Rosettenstadium die empfindlichste Phase darstellt, in der nur 0,2% in unbeweidetem. resp.1% in beweidetem Grasland überleben. Die Keimungsrate hingegen beträgt im Mittel 10 und 15% und 49 und 51% der Jungpflanzen im Rosettenstadium entwickeln sich zu adulten Exemplaren. Die Bekämpfung von C. vulgare mit Dicamba erwies sieh kurz nach Beginn der herbstlichen Regenfälle als am wirksamsten. Dieser Zeitpunkt entspricht einer Periode erhöhter, natürlicher Keimlingsmortalität, bedingt durch eine verstärkte Konkurrenzierung durch benachbarte Pflanzen.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 26 (1986), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Plant quarantine agencies attempt to regulate the continuing worldwide problem of spread of alien plants, but systems of plant quarantine have not been based entirely on objective criteria. Comparative epidemiological research of known alien weeds may provide such criteria and thereby improve the success of plant quarantine. For this reason biogeographical and ecophysiological data were gathered and analyzed for Echium (Boraginaceae), especially for the three differentially distributed and weedy species in Australia: E. italicum L. (rare), E. vulgare L. (uncommon), and E. plantagineum L. (common). Such data included the following: native distributions in Eurasia and North Africa, historical spread in Australia, seed germination, vegetative growth and propensity to flower. Quantitative plant characteristics which distinguish weedy species of Echium from their innocuous counterparts, and whose values could most easily be determined by plant quarantine officials, are the breadth of native distribution and rapidity of seed germination. Although these results were derived from only a few temperate taxa, they may apply in principle to many species.Caractères distinctifs des mauvaises herbes envahissantes dans le genre EchiumDes agences de mise en quarantaine de végétaux s'attachent à contrôler le problème permanent à travers le monde de la propagation des végétaux étrangers; cependant, les systèmes de quarantaine n'ont pas étéétablis exclusivement sur des critères objectifs. Des études d'épidèmiologie comparatives pour des adventices étrangères connues peuvent fournir de tels critères et ainsi accroître le succès de la mise en quarantaine des végétaux. Pour cette raison, des données biogéographiques et écophysiologiques ont été regroupées et analysées pour le genre Echium (Boraginacée), en particulier pour trois espèces de mauvaises herbes différemment réparties en Australie: E. italicum L. (rare), E. vulgare L. (peu répandu), E. plantagineum L. (commun). Parmi ces données, on trouvait les suivantes: répartition originelle en Eurasie et en Afrique du Nord, historique de la propagation en Australie, germination des semences, croissance végétative et propension à fleurir. Les caractéristiques quantifiables qui permettraient de distinguer les espèces nuisibles d'Echium de leurs équivalents inoffensifs et dont les valeurs pourraient très aisément être déterminées par les organismes officiels responsables des quarantaines sont: l'ampleur de la distribution d'origine et la rapidité de la germination des semences. Bien que ces résultats proviennent de seulement quelques taxons, ils peuvent être appliqués, en principe, à de nombreuses espèces. Merkmale zur Definition schädlicher Arten in der Gattung Echium (Natterkopf)Pflanzenquarantäneämter versuchen das weltweite Problem der Ausbreitung von eingeschleppten Pflanzen zu kontrollieren; die Quarantän-evorschriften sind jedoch nicht völlig auf objektiv erfassbare Kriterien abgestützt. Vergleichendc epidemiologische Erforschung von Adventivpflanzen kann derartige Kriterien liefern und damit den Nutzeffekt von Quarantänemassnahmen verbessern. Zu diesem Zweck wurden für die Gattung Echium (Boraginaceen) biogeographische und ökophysiologische Daten gesammelt und analysiert; es wurden dabei speziell die drei in Australien als Unkräter geltenden und verschieden verbreiteten Arten E. italicum L. (selten). E. vulgare L. (gelegentlich vorkommend) und E. plantagineum L. (häufig) untersucht. Der Datenkatalog enthielt Angaben über: die ursprüngliche Verbreitung in Eurasien und N-Afrika, Geschichte der Ausbreitung in Australien, Samenkeimung, vegetatives Wachstum und Blühbereitschaft. Der Ausdehnungsbereich der ursprünglichen Vorkommen und die Geschwindigkeit der Samenkeimung sind quantitativ erfassbare, durch Quarantäncbeamte leicht zu bewertende, Kriterien zur Unterscheidung zwischen unschädlichen und als Unkräuter schädlichen Echium-Arten. Obwohl diese Ergebnisse nur von relativ wenigen, unter temperierten Bedingungen vorkommenden, taxonomischen Einheiten abgeleitet worden sind, mögen sie im Prinzip für viele Arten Gültigkeit haben.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 25 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Currently important alien weeds that have reached their final distributions are characterized by the high initial rates of spread with which they attained these distributions. Alien weeds, now seemingly unimportant but spreading at high rates, might be tomorrow's noxious weeds. It is suggested that rates of spread of species in a regional alien weed flora that have not yet reached final distributions may be used as indices for identifying future troublesome species. A literature search of several plant ecological attributes revealed that rapid seed germination, especially at low temperatures, may be associated with rapidly spreading weeds.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 69 (1982), S. 398-400 
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Plant ecology 35 (1977), S. 95-105 
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Biomass ; Pinus albicaulis ; Productivity (net primary) ; Root mass ; Subalpine forest ; Vaccinium scoparium ; Woodland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2010-03-01
    Print ISSN: 0002-1962
    Electronic ISSN: 1435-0645
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Wiley
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