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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2021-05-11
    Description: world ocean: in fact, those processes dramatically affect the climatic equilibrium of our planet. For this reason, many advanced active and passive remote sensors have been used to study phytoplankton dynamics, since such phenomena are thought to be responsible for the sequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide, one of the most important greenhouse gases. In this paper, one laser system and three satellite radiometers routinely used for the study of the phytoplankton dynamics will be briefly reviewed. Satellite sensors have been preferred to airborne sensors because, to our knowledge, ocean color airborne radiometers have not been operated in Antarctica, at least not throughout the whole lapse of time examined in this study. Particular focus was on the laser system (ELF) and on a specific satellite radiometer (SeaWiFS). ELF is based on the laser-induced fluorescence of phytoplankton pigments and was conceived for the Italian expeditions to Antarctica. The goal of SeaWiFS is to provide the Earth science community with quantitative data on the global ocean bio-optical properties. Such satellite radiometer has been calibrated with in situ data mainly acquired in non polar regions. This is why a comparison between ELF and SeaWiFS measurements of chlorophyll-a surface concentrations in the Southern Ocean during the austral summer 1997-1998 was believed to be significant. Our results indicate that SeaWiFS overestimates high concentrations and underestimates low concentrations. In order to correct this behavior, the chlorophyll- a bio-optical algorithm of SeaWiFS has been recalibrated according to the measurements of ELF, thus providing a new estimation of the primary production in the Southern Ocean.
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: LIDAR fluorosensor ; satellite radiometer ; SeaWiFS calibration ; chlorophyll-a ; primary production ; Antarctica ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.01. Biogeochemical cycles
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
    Format: 2740622 bytes
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Advances in science and technology Vol. 45 (Oct. 2006), p. 2620-2626 
    ISSN: 1662-0356
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Technology
    Notes: Si-nanoparticles (NP) are attracting steadily growing interest due to their intriguing sizedependentoptical properties. The most challenging task in preparing Si-NP is to succeed incontrolling the particle size and size distribution and the surface properties. To this respect, themethod of laser synthesis of Si-NP from gas phase reactants appears as an ideal tool, being a veryversatile and controllable synthesis technique, but the collected Si-NP are strongly agglomerated.Here we report on attempts to decrease the agglomeration of the Si NP by following twocomplementary strategies: - investigation and control of nanoparticle formation and growth duringthe synthesis process; - dispersion of the agglomerates and termination of the particle surfaces bycontrolled chemical etching followed by surface passivation and stabilization treatments. Theproperties of as-prepared and processed Si NP will be presented and discussed
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 12 (1990), S. 209-227 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Raman and Rayleigh spectra (including optical scattering) ; Visible and ultraviolet spectroscopy and spectrometers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto In questo rapporto è descritto un sistema di diagnostiche non intrusive che permette la misura simultanea di concentrazione e temperatura di piccole molecole in un intorno ostile quale quello presente in reattori fotochimici. Il sistema è costituito da un laser a Nd:YaG duplicato in frequenza ed usato in parte per eccitare un laser a colorante a banda larga. Viene impiegata una geometria collineare dei fasci ed il segnale CARS è rivelato con unarray di fotodiodi dopo la separazione dalle radiazioni dei due laser incidenti effettuata mediante vari filtri, un prisma a 60° ed un monocromatore. Sono state effettuate misure di calibrazione relative alla concentrazione di piccole molecole (SiH4, NH3, C2H2, C2H4, C2H6) coinvolte nella sintesi di polveri ceramiche (Si3N4, SiC) indotta da radiazione laser IR. In esperimenti eseguiti in cella è stato attentamente esaminato l’effetto del fondo non risonante (dovuto al gas di trasporto) sulle misure di concentrazione. Calcoli di profilo di banda eseguiti su idrocarburi (C2H6, C2H2) hanno mostrato il forte effetto della temperatura sugli spettri CARS.
    Abstract: Резюме Описывается неразрушающая диагностическая система, которая позволяет одновременно измерять плотность и температуру малых молекул в окружающей среде, такой как фото-химический реактор, где происходят процессы, индуцированные лазером. Эта система образуется с помощью двух-частотного Nd:YAG лазера, который частично используется для возбуждения широкозонного лазера на красителе. Эта система использует коллинеарное расположение пучков, сигналы детектируются с помощью фотодиодной линейки после надлежащей фильтрации и разделений длин волн с помощью 60° призмы и монохромтора. Проведены калибровочные измерения на малых молекулах (SiH4, NH3, C2H2, C2H4, C2H6), участвующих в фотосинтезе керамическиш порошков (Si3N4 и SiC), индуцированном инфракрасным лазером. При проведении экспериментов внимательно исследуется влияние нерезонансного фона при измерении плотности, обусловленного газами-носителями, используемыми в реакторах. Отмечается сильная температурная зависимость огибающей колебательно-вращательной рамановской активной зоны, обнаруженной при довольно низком разрешении, при вычислениях эон, выполненных на углеводородаш (C2H6 и C2H2).
    Notes: Summary A nonintrusive diagnostic system is described which permits simultaneous measurement of number density and temperature of small molecules in hostile environments such as photo-chemical reactors where laser induced processes occur. This system is formed by a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser which is partially used to excite a broad-band dye laser. The system utilizes a collinear beam arrangement, the signals are detected with an intensified photodiode array after proper filtering and wavelength separation through a 60° prism and a monochromator. Calibration measurements have been performed on small molecules (SiH4, NH3, C2H2, C2H4, C2H6) involved in the IR laser-induced photosynthesis of ceramic powders (Si3N4 and SiC). The effect of nonresonant background in number density measurements due to carrier gases used in flow reactors has been carefully investigated in cell experiments. The strong temperature dependence of the envelope of the vibrorotational Raman active band detected under rather low resolution is demonstrated in band contour calculations performed on hydrocarbons (C2H2 and C2H2).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 17 (1995), S. 1165-1179 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Collective effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary The interacting reference response functionX I [3](k) of three-dimensional jellium ink space was defined by Niklasson in terms of the momentum distribution of the interacting electron assembly. Here the Fourier transformF I [d](r) ofX I [d] (k) is studied for the jellium model withe 2/r interactions in dimensionalityd=1,2 and 3, in an extension of recent work by Holas, March and Tosi for the cased=3. The small-r and large-r forms ofF I [d] (r) are explicitly evaluated from the analytic behaviour of the momentum distributionn d(p). In the appendix, a model ofn d (p) is constructed which interpolates between these limits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 17 (1995), S. 155-167 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Statistical theories of liquid structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary The asymptotic behaviours of particle correlation functions and the related sum rules are discussed for a layered classical plasma withe 2/r interactions in the fluid state, in dependence on the number of layers. These properties derive from consistency conditions imposed by screening on the hierarchical equations, as already treated by A. Alastuey and P. A. Martin (J. Stat. Phys.,39, 405 (1985)) for various Coulomb fluids. The main results concern i) the type of clustering of correlations needed for the validity of multipolar sum rules at various orders, ii) the proof that the pair correlation function in a finite multilayer may carry an electric dipole moment and the calculation of its partioning among the layers, and iii) the dimensionality crossover in an infinitely extended or periodically repeated multiplayer with varying interlayer spacing and wave vector.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 11 (1989), S. 495-502 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Other topics in electrical properties of surfaces, interfaces and thin films
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary Ceramic and metallic materials were alloyed and cladded on a C40 steel by means of a CO2 laser heat source. The main objectives of the research were to obtain a surface modification of the C40 steel in order to increase its wear resistance and to develop a repeatable coating process of potential industrial application. In the following sections, the laser coating process (including experimental equipment and working parameters) and the most important metallurgical results are described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 13 (1991), S. 1133-1140 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Stimulated Raman scattering and spectra ; CARS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary A broad-band CARS set-up has been employed to investigate on-line benzene fragmentation due to multiple-photon processes induced by different laser radiation in IR (CO2-laser), in the visible (II harmonic Nd:YAG laser) and in the UV (N2 laser). Collisional induced formation of C2 has been demonstrated also in the absence of optical breakdown.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 4 (1984), S. 548-556 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Molecular photon processes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto La dissociazione multifotonica (MPD) dell'SF6 eccitato da uno o due laser a CO2 è stata studiata in fascio molecolare supersonico a diverse temperature rotovibrazionali. È stata inoltre misurata la dipendenza dell'efficienza di dissociazione dalla fluenza del laser a diverse frequenze di eccitazione. I picchi spettrali sono stati interpretati sulla base di recenti ed accurati calcoli della struttura rotovibrazionale del modoν 3.
    Abstract: Резюме Исследуется многофотонная диссоциация SF6, одним и двумя CO2 лазерами в условиях молекулярного пучка при различных вращательно-колеба-теляных температурах. Изучаестя зависимость многофототонной диссоциации от флуенса CO2 лазера при различных частотах. Спектральые пики интерпетируются на основе аккуратных вычислений вращательно-колебательной структуры модыν 3
    Notes: Summary One- and two-frequency IR multiple-photon dissociation (MPD) of SF6 has been performed under molecular-beam conditions at different rotovibrational temperatures. The dependence of MPD on CO2 laser fluence has been studied at different frequencies. The experimental structures have been interpreted on the basis of accurate calculations of the vibrorotational structure ofν 3 overtone states.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 11 (1989), S. 487-493 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Cermets ; ceramic ; refractory composites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary Ultrafine Si, Si3N4, SiC and silicon oxynitride powders have been produced by irradiating gas-phase reactants by means of a CO2 laser. The mechanism of SiH4 CO2 laser-induced absorption and dissociation is discussed on the basis of the results of the spectral and time-resolved measurement of fragment chemiluminescence. The role played by the SiH2 radical in the powder formation is investigated. The quality of Si, Si3N4, SiC and silicon oxynitride powders is checked by means of several off-line diagnostics (IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction at wide and small angle, BET analysis). The possibility of controlling powder stoichiometry and doping from the gas-phase reactant concentration is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 11 (1989), S. 479-486 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Autoionization ; photoionization ; photodetachment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary The onset of CO2 laser-induced breakdown has been observed by irradiating several polyatomic species (SiH4, NH3, hydrocarbons, fluorohydrocarbons) at a wavelength resonant with an IR active vibration. Primary fragmentation and subsequent ion and radical secondary reactions have been monitored detecting the spontaneous luminescence with a gateable optical multichannel analyser. The resonant laser-induced processes can be of importance in etching reactors where hydrocarbons and fluoro-hydrocarbons are commonly used, as well as in laser chemical vapour deposition reactors for the production of sinterable Si3N4 and SiC powders.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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