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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 183 (1998), S. 389-399 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Key words Grasshopper ; Stridulation ; Brain ; Neuropharmacology ; Inhibition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In gomphocerine grasshoppers the neuromuscular patterns of stridulatory hindleg movements are produced by metathoracic rhythm generators under the control of cephalic command neurons. Injections of cholinergic agonists into the protocerebrum activate this command system which induces the performance of stridulatory sequences, resembling natural species specific movements. Injections of GABA, glycine and picrotoxin into the central protocerebrum of the species Omocestus viridulus, Chorthippus mollis and Ch. biguttulus revealed a contribution of inhibitory mechanisms to the control of the stridulatory behaviour. The experiments suggest that inhibition interferes with the cephalic command systems at three levels: (1) sustained inhibition through picrotoxin sensitive receptors acting on all command units while grasshoppers are at rest, and during stridulation on all command units except the one activating the pattern generators of the currently performed movements; (2) premature termination of song sequences, experimentally induced by injections of GABA and glycine; and (3) coupling of a timing mechanism that terminates a song sequence or its subunits with a particular movement pattern after specific durations. These results together with those from previous studies on the pharmacological activation of stridulatory behaviour suggest that a balance of inhibitory and excitatory inputs to the command system selects the appropriate song type and controls its performance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 163 (1988), S. 243-252 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. With glass microelectrodes in the metathoracic ganglion ofLocusta migratoria, the activity of auditory receptors in Müller's organ was recorded and the fibers were stained with Lucifer Yellow (part D of Figs. 3–6). Responses to (i) acoustic stimuli, (ii) movement stimuli and (iii) the two stimuli in combination were recorded. 2. Sound pulses (10 ms, 10/s, 70 dB, 4 or 12 kHz) elicited the typical response, ca. 1–4 action potentials for each pulse, with a latency of 8–11 ms (parts A and F of Figs. 3–6). 3. Sinusoidal rotation of the hindleg ipsilateral to the tympanal organ, with a frequency of 2.5–20 Hz and an amplitude of 1–5 mm at the femur tip (Fig. 1), elicited activity phase-coupled to the movement in a manner depending on the individual receptor (parts B and E of Figs. 3–6). When acoustic and movement stimuli were presented simultaneously, reciprocal effects on the responses to the two kinds of stimuli were observed. The auditory response could be greatly reduced, and even almost suppressed in certain phases of the movement (parts C, G and I of Figs. 3–6). When an auditory response occurred, the subsequent movement response could be diminished or eliminated altogether (part I of Figs. 3–6).
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 180 (1997), S. 171-180 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Key words Sound production ; Hearing ; Frequency tuning ; Grasshoppers ; Laser-vibrometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The acridid grasshoppers Chorthippus biguttulus and Ch. mollis, which are closely related and often sympatric species, were compared intra- and interspecifically with regard to the spectra of their calling and courtship songs and of the sound-induced vibrations of the tympanal membrane, as well as the threshold curves of the tympanal nerve. In the low-frequency range but not in the ultrasound region, the maxima of these various curves fall at distinctly different frequencies in the two species. It is shown that the low-frequency sensitivity of the auditory system in both species, especially in females, is well matched to the conspecific song spectra but not to those of the heterospecific songs. Whether these characteristics actually contribute to species discrimination remains to be determined by behavioural tests.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 180 (1997), S. 257-269 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Key words Grasshopper ; Stridulation ; Hindleg coordination ; Central nervous control ; Microsurgery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Stridulation in many gomphocerine grasshoppers is characterized by specific phase shifts between the two hindlegs as well as different movement patterns produced by the left and the right leg. The underlying neuronal excitation patterns are generated by networks on either side of the metathoracic ganglion. The role of the intraganglionic commissures in right-left coordination and the production of differing movement patterns was investigated by transecting the metathoracic ganglion mediosagittally in Omocestus viridulus, Chorthippus biguttulus and Chorthippus mollis. In all three species, after this operation both hindlegs produced the same pattern and no longer different movements. The effects of transection on coordination differed: rapid movement rhythms, like those typical of Ch. biguttulus and the vibratory parts of the song of Ch. mollis, on the two sides drifted with respect to one another. In contrast, the slow rhythms characteristic of O. viridulus and the song subunits of Ch. mollis were completely synchronized. It is inferred that in intact animals the pathways for coordination of the rapid stridulatory rhythms are exclusively intraganglionic, whereas the phase relations of the slow rhythms are additionally influenced by way of anterior right-left connections, perhaps within the suboesophageal ganglion.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 175 (1994), S. 251-260 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Locusta migratoria ; Sound perception ; Body movements ; Auditory information processing ; Noise-filter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract 1. The oscillations of the tympanal membrane of Locusta migratoria were analysed by combined laser vibrometry and interferometry. Simultaneously the activity in the tympanal nerve was recorded extracellularly. The animal was stimulated by sound pulses and one of the hindlegs was passively moved in a sinusoidal manner simulating stridulation. These stimuli were applied separately and in combination. 2. Sound stimulation elicited high-frequency membrane oscillations, whereas leg movements induced slow rhythmic membrane displacements. During combined sound and movement stimulation these two types of oscillations superimposed without mutual interference. 3. The tympanal nerve responded to sound with well synchronized receptor activity. The leg movement elicited less synchronized, phase-coupled activity. During combined sound and movement stimulation the responses to the two types of stimuli interfered strongly. 4. The activity patterns of single receptor fibres and auditory interneurons were reanalysed from this point of view. The extent of synchronization of the receptors is found to be the major difference between the sound-induced and the movement-induced activation of the auditory system. A filter mechanism is postulated, consisting in the activation of some higher order auditory interneurons only by well-synchronized presynaptic activity, such as is induced by steeply rising sound pulses.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 64 (1977), S. 342-343 
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 65 (1978), S. 160-161 
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 65 (1978), S. 265-266 
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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