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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of Micro Tensile Test Samples in Determining the Remnant Life of Pressure Vessel Steels (2007)
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Applied mechanics and materials Vol. 7-8 (Aug. 2007), p. 187-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1662-7482
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The aim of this collaborative study was to measure mechanical properties of 14MoV67-3steel taken from small sections of material machined in-situ from an operating high pressurecollector pipe after different operating lifetimes (from 0h to 186 000h) at elevated temperatures(540°C). Conventional methods of measuring mechanical properties of materials, such as theuniaxial tensile test require relatively large test samples. This can create difficulties when theamount of material available for testing is limited. One way of measuring mechanical propertiesfrom small quantities of material is using micro tensile test samples. In this work, micro-sampleswith a total length of 7.22mm were used. Digital Image Correlation method (DIC) was employedfor the strain measurements in a uniaxial tensile test. This paper shows that there is measurabledifference in the yield, ultimate tensile strength and elongation to failure as a function of the plantoperating conditions. This work demonstrates, therefore, a ‘semi-invasive’ method of determininguniaxial stress-strain behaviour from plant components
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.tib-hannover.de/fulltexts/2011/0528/01/39/transtech_doi~10.4028%252Fwww.scientific.net%252FAMM.7-8.187.pdf
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Advances in Residual Stress Modeling and Measurement for the Structural Integrity Assessment of Welded Thermal Power Plant (2008)
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Advanced materials research Vol. 41-42 (Apr. 2008), p. 391-400 
    Details
    ISSN: 1662-8985
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The safe operation of both thermal and nuclear power plant is increasingly dependentupon structural integrity assessment of pressure vessels and piping. Furthermore, structural failuresmost commonly occur at welds so the accurate design and remnant life assessment of welded plantis critical. The residual stress distribution assumed in defect assessments often has a decidinginfluence on the analysis outcome, and in the absence of accurate and reliable knowledge of theweld residual stresses, the design codes and procedures use assumptions that yield very conservativeassessments that can severely limit the economic life of some plant. However, recent advances inboth the modeling and measurement of residual stresses in welded structures and components openup the possibility of characterising weld residual stresses in operating plant using state-of–the–artfully validated Finite Element simulations. This paper describes research undertaken to predictresidual stresses in stainless steel welds in order to provide validated reliable, accurate StructuralIntegrity assessment of nuclear power plant components
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.tib-hannover.de/fulltexts/2011/0528/01/40/transtech_doi~10.4028%252Fwww.scientific.net%252FAMR.41-42.391.pdf
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of Weld Metal Mechanical Properties Utilising Novel Tensile Testing Methods (2007)
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Applied mechanics and materials Vol. 7-8 (Aug. 2007), p. 127-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1662-7482
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The aim of this study was to develop a method of extracting local mechanical propertiesfrom weld metal by strain mapping using the digital image correlation (DIC) technique. Thefeasibility of determining local stress-strain behaviour in the weld zone of a 316H stainless steelpipe with a girth weld was investigated by tensile tests of specimens machined from the pipe so thatit contained the weld at its centre. The tensile test was recorded using a high resolution digitalcamera and the DIC technique was used to obtain the complete set of full field displacement mapsduring the tensile test. The local strain was calculated at every sub-region of 32×32 pixels, whichenabled the local stress-strain behaviour for this region to be determined. Results from these testsshow the variability of the elastic modulus, yield stress and UTS across the weld. To check thereliability of the technique, a set of micro tensile samples, with gauge length of 3.7mm and crosssectionalarea of 0.7×0.7 mm2, were machined from the various locations in and around the weldzone. The comparison of stress-strain curves determined from micro-samples to stress-strain curvesfrom the corresponding locations within a larger more conventional tensile specimen showsreasonably good agreement
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.tib-hannover.de/fulltexts/2011/0528/01/39/transtech_doi~10.4028%252Fwww.scientific.net%252FAMM.7-8.127.pdf
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Post-Weld Heat Treatment Stress Relaxation in Zircaloy 4 Plasma Welds (2006)
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Materials science forum Vol. 524-525 (Sept. 2006), p. 491-496 
    Details
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: We have studied the effect of a post-weld heat treatment on plasma arc welds on Zircaloy4 plates. The samples consist of two 100 mm long, 50 mm wide, and 6.25 mm thick plates, weldedalong the rolling (longitudinal) direction. The heat-treatment consisted of a steady increase intemperature from room temperature to 450oC over a period of 4.5 hours; followed by cooling withan equivalent cooling rate. Residual strains and stresses along the longitudinal, transverse andnormal directions on an as-welded and a heat-treated specimen were measured by neutrondiffraction on the ENGIN-X beamline at the Isis Facility, Rutherford Laboratory, UK. Peak tensilestresses of (105±25) MPa were found in the as-welded specimen, which were reduced to (70±20)MPa after the heat-treatment. Thermal compressive stresses of (-80±20) MPa were found along thenormal direction, which were not affected by the heat treatment. The use of a full-pattern Rietveldrefinement for the determination of bulk strains in Zircaloy specimens is also discussed
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.tib-hannover.de/fulltexts/2011/0528/02/13/transtech_doi~10.4028%252Fwww.scientific.net%252FMSF.524-525.491.pdf
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Study of Residual Stress Distribution in a Stainless Steel Bead-on-Plate Simulation Benchmark Sample (2008)
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Materials science forum Vol. 571-572 (Mar. 2008), p. 367-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper summarizes the results of a neutron diffraction study of a single weld bead ona rectangular austenitic stainless steel plate. The measurement was carried out at SALSA, theengineering strain scanner at the ILL, Grenoble, France. The work has been carried out under theEuropean NET project, and is a round robin exercise of residual stress simulation and validationbenchmark in a stainless steel bead-on-plate (BOP) weldment. A monochromatic beam ofwavelength 1.494 Å was used and the lattice spacing of {311} crystallographic plane wasmeasured. The principal strain measured in the plate was corrected by measuring small cube sampleof 3×3×3 mm3 as stress free reference. The measured strain was then used to calculate the principalstress distribution. Finally, the measured strain was compared with the strain measured in a similarspecimen in a pulsed neutron source by the time-of-flight (TOF) technique
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.tib-hannover.de/fulltexts/2011/0528/02/18/transtech_doi~10.4028%252Fwww.scientific.net%252FMSF.571-572.367.pdf
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Novel Closed-Form Calculation of the Stress Intensity Factor for a Crack in a Residual Stress Field (2006)
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Materials science forum Vol. 524-525 (Sept. 2006), p. 83-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Exact closed-form stress intensity factor (SIF) solutions have been developed for a mode-I through-thickness cracks in an infinite plate. Centre-crack problems have been analysedcomprehensively in the literature, but the focus has been on the effect of simple loading about thecrack centre. In the current work, the formula of Sih-Paris-Erdogan has been extended to considerthe SIF difference on the left and right crack tips, under the local influence of general asymmetricand symmetric stress field. Exact SIF magnification factors convenient for computations have beenderived that simultaneously circumvent the problem of crack-tip stress singularity. The solutions soobtained are applied to generate the residual SIFs that would act on a crack growing under theinfluence of the residual stress fields associated with welded plates and cold-worked holes using themeasured residual stress profiles
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.tib-hannover.de/fulltexts/2011/0528/02/13/transtech_doi~10.4028%252Fwww.scientific.net%252FMSF.524-525.83.pdf
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of Residual Stress Redistribution on Fatigue Crack Growth and Damage Tolerant Design (2006)
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Materials science forum Vol. 524-525 (Sept. 2006), p. 363-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The safe operation of many structures and components is ensured through the operationof damage tolerant design and evaluation. Substantial residual stresses can exist in many systemsand it is important that these are incorporated in damage tolerance calculations of fatigue crackgrowth. Recent improvements in non-destructive measurement techniques and in the application ofweight or Green’s functions methods of including residual stress fields into stress intensity factor(SIF) calculations have enabled predictions of the effects of residual stresses on fatigue crackpropagation to be made more readily. Two examples from the aerospace industry, structurescontaining (i) cold expanded holes and (ii) fusion welds are used to show that presently, althoughfinal crack growth lives can be accurately predicted, the details of crack growth are not wellrepresented with initial growth typically being underestimated and later growth being overestimated. It is shown that this is most likely to be due to residual stress redistribution. and that thismust be built into fatigue life prediction models if accurate damage tolerance based procedures areto be developed for components and systems containing substantial residual stresses
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.tib-hannover.de/fulltexts/2011/0528/02/13/transtech_doi~10.4028%252Fwww.scientific.net%252FMSF.524-525.363.pdf
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Residual Stress Measurements in Single and Multi-Pass Groove Weld Specimens Using Neutron Diffraction and the Contour Method (2006)
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Materials science forum Vol. 524-525 (Sept. 2006), p. 671-676 
    Details
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper describes the measurement of longitudinal residual stresses within specially designed200x180x25mm groove weld specimens. The purpose of these measurements was to compare theresidual stress field arising from single and multi-pass weld beads laid down within the constraint ofa groove in order to validate finite element simulations of the welding process. Measurements weremade over the cross section at the mid-bead length, utilising the relatively new Contour method andneutron diffraction. Results from these measurements indicate a larger peak tensile longitudinalresidual stresses within the weld region of the multi-pass weld sample. Good agreement is foundbetween both techniques
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.tib-hannover.de/fulltexts/2011/0528/02/13/transtech_doi~10.4028%252Fwww.scientific.net%252FMSF.524-525.671.pdf
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Effect of Plastic Anisotropy on the Residual Stress within a 316L Stainless Steel Bead-on-Plate Specimen (2006)
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Materials science forum Vol. 524-525 (Sept. 2006), p. 679-684 
    Details
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Plastic anisotropy can affect the strains measured by neutron diffraction. If this is notproperly accounted for significant errors can result in the calculated stresses. This paper illustratesaddresses this issue using measurements of the residual strain field around a 60 mm long singleweld bead deposited on the surface of a 17 mm thick stainless steel plate. Measurements were madeon ENGIN-X, the engineering spectrometer at the ISIS facility of the Rutherford AppletonLaboratory (UK). Diffraction spectra from these measurements have been fitted using both singleand multi-peak fitting approaches. Both residual strain and stress results have been presented for(111) and (200) single peak fits and compared to a multi-peak fit (Rietveld) analysis. Results fromthese analyses have revealed significant anisotropy in the response of the individual lattice planes.This effect is most severe in measurements carried out in the normal direction and is shown to bepredicted using an elasto-plastic self-consistent model
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.tib-hannover.de/fulltexts/2011/0528/02/13/transtech_doi~10.4028%252Fwww.scientific.net%252FMSF.524-525.679.pdf
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of Intergranular Stresses during 〈i〉In Situ〈/i〉 Compression Tests in Zircaloy-4 (2008)
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Materials science forum Vol. 571-572 (Mar. 2008), p. 149-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper reports results of an in-situ compression experiment carried out on a hot rolledZircaloy-4 plate at ENGIN-X, ISIS. The experiment was aimed at characterizing the plasticanisotropy of the alloy, which can give rise to high intergranular stresses in the polycrystal. Asexpected from the crystal anisotropy, the various lattice reflections had very different behaviours. Inthe compression directions, the basal 〈0002〉 reflections appeared to bear much more load than theother planes. The resulting intergranular elastic strains could therefore reach up to 5000 microstrainafter 10% total deformation, and were responsible for high type II residual stresses after unloading.Considering the macroscopic behaviour, the normal direction had higher mechanical properties thanthe other two processing directions. The strong texture measured from EBSD measurements suggestthat the crystal anisotropy has been brought to a macroscopic level. The experiment also evidenceda significant change in texture for compression along the rolling direction which indicates twinningactivation
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.tib-hannover.de/fulltexts/2011/0528/02/18/transtech_doi~10.4028%252Fwww.scientific.net%252FMSF.571-572.149.pdf
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