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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralogy and petrology 51 (1994), S. 173-193 
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Verteilung von Fluor and untergeordnet von Chlor zwischen Phlogopit, Amphibol, Apatit and Glas wurde an Kamafugiten aus der westlichen Eifel, Deutschland and aus Südwest-Uganda sowie an Lamprophyren (Minetten) aus Hopi-Navajo, Arizona bestimmt. Außerdem wurde der Gehalt an diesen Elementen in den gleichen Mineralphasen von Mantel-Xenolithen aus kamafugitischen Gesteinen analysiert. Die Halogenbestimmungen wurden an einer JEOL 8600 Mikrosonde durchgeführt. Die Gehalte und Verteilungstrends von Fluor in den Mineralphasen und im Glas der Kamafugite und Lamprophyre sind vergleichbar mit jenen aus Lamproiten (Edgar und Charbonneau, 1991). Die Resultate deuten an, daß der Fluorgehalt in Mineralen ultrapotassischer Magmen viel höher ist als in Xenolithen, die als Repräsentanten der Herkunftsregion derartiger Magmen gelten. Chlor tritt in den selben Mineralphasen in viel geringeren Mengen auf. Das unterschiedliche Auftreten von Fluor in den Xenolithen und in den Laven sowie der bevorzugte Einbau von Fluor in feste Mineralphasen lassen vermuten, daß dieser Gehalt an Fluor nicht ausreicht, um den hohen Fluorgehalt in ultrapotassischen Magmen und die reduzierenden Fluida-Bedingungen, wie sie von Foley (1988) für die Genese von solchen Magmen angenommen worden sind, zu erklären. Auf der Basis dieser Ergebnisse können ultrapotassische Magmen nur dann entstehen, wenn das Mantelmaterial als Herkunft für die partielle Schmelze zum Beispiel durch wiederholtes Teilaufschmelzen von Mantelxenolithen wie jenen aus Südwest-Uganda an Fluor angereichert worden ist. Als Alternative wird angenommen, daß die leicht höheren Chlorgehalte in den Mineralen der Xenolithe verglichen mit dem der Magmen durch Chlorverlust während Entgasung beim Aufstieg des Magmas zustande gekommen sind. Dadurch kam es zu einem Verdünnungseffekt, der zu einer Anreicherung von Fluor führt, vor der Bildung von F-reichem Phlogopit als Phenokristall, Kristalle, die häufig in ultrapotassischen Magmen auftreten.
    Notes: Summary The distribution of F and, to a lesser extent, Cl between phlogopite, amphibole, apatite, and glass in kamafugites from the West Eifel, Germany, and South-West Uganda, and from lamprophyres (minettes) from Hopi-Navajo, Arizona has been determined. In addition, these elements have been analyzed in the same phases from mantle-derived xenoliths from the kamafugitic rocks. All halogen determinations were made using a JEOL 8600 electron microprobe. The F contents and trends in the minerals and glass in the kamafugites and lamprophyres are very similar to those reported for lamproites (Edgar and Charbonneau, 1991). The results indicate that F in the minerals of ultrapotassic magmas is much greater then that found in the xenoliths that are believed to represent likely source regions for such magmas. Chlorine is present in much lower amounts and in the same phases. The discrepancy between F in the xenoliths and in the lavas, and the preference for F to be incorporated in solid phases suggest that F is insufficient to account for the F found in ultrapotassic magmas or to provide for the reduced fluid conditions proposed by Foley (1988) for the genesis of such magmas. Based on these results, the genesis of ultrapotassic magmas may occur if they are partial melts of a mantle source that has been further enriched in F by repeated partial melting of mantle-derived xenoliths such as those of southwest Uganda. Alternatively the slightly higher Cl in the minerals of the xenoliths relative to the magmas suggests that Cl has been lost during degassing of the ascending magma. This may enrich the magmas in F by a dilution effect that may take place prior to the formation of phenocrystal F-rich phlogopites that are often present in ultrapotassic magmas.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralogy and petrology 44 (1991), S. 125-149 
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Verteilung von Fluor zwischen Phlogopit, Amphibol, Apatit und Glas wurde für 26 Lamproite aus den Leucite Hills, Wyoming; West Kimberley, West-Australien, Smokie Butte, Montana; Prairie Creek, Arkansas; und Gaussberg, Antarktis, bestimmt. Der Fluorgehalt dieser Phasen schwankt in verschiedenen Lamproitvorkommen, und besonders Kimberley. Fluor kommt im allgemeinen besonders reichlich in Phlogopit und Apatit vor. Das Glas in manchen Lamproiten führt keine nachweisbaren Fluorgehalte. Mit zunehmender Evolution von Lamproiten tendiert F in den Gesamtgesteins-analysen, wie auch in Amphibol und im Glas abzunehmen. Fluor zeigt auch Beziehungen zu den BaO Gehalten in Phlogopit und Apatit. Auf der Basis von Plots von F/(F + OH) in Apatit und Phlogopit, Apatit und Amphibol, und Phlogopit und Amphibol, läßt sich erkennen, daß die Verteilung von F in verschiedenen Lamproiten variabel ist und daher eine Bestimmung von Verteilungskoefizienten nicht möglich ist. Die F-Verteilungsmuster werden von dem Mangel an gegenseitigem Euqilibrium zwischen F-führenden Phasen, möglichem Wegtransport von F in einer fluiden Phase während MagmaEntgasung, Variationen in den physikalischen Bedingungen zwischen verschiedenen Phasen bei der Kristallisation des Magmas, und durch andere Ursachen beeinflußt. Diese Untersuchung zeigt, daß F vorzugsweise in festen und nicht in flüssigen Phasen untergebracht wird. Daher wird das Fluor, das in Schmelzen bei der teilweisen Rufschmelzung von fluor-reichen Mantelgesteinen untergebracht wird, kaum ausreichen, um fluor-reiche Lamproite zu erzeugen.
    Notes: Summary The distribution of F between phlogopite, amphibole, apatite, and glass has been determined for 261amproites from Leucite Hills, Wyoming; West Kimberley, Western Australia; Smoky Butte, Montana; Prairie Creek, Arkansas; and Gaussberg, Antarctica. The F contents of these phases are inconsistent in different lamproite localities, with distinct variations, for example, between the Leucite Hills and West Kimberley lamproites. Fluorine commonly occurs in greatest abundance in phlogopite and apatite. Evolved glass in some lamproites may have no detectable F. With increasing evolution of lamproites, F tends to decrease in whole rocks, amphibole and glass. Fluorine also shows a variety of relationships with BaO in phlogopite and apatite. Based on plots of F/(F + OH) in apatite and phlogopite, apatite and amphibole, and phlogopite and amphibole, the distribution of F is variable in different lamproites and hence determination of partition coefficients is not possible. The F distribution patterns are affected by lack of mutual equilibrium between F-bearing phases, possible removal of F in a fluid phase during magma degassing, variations in physical conditions between different phases during crystallization of the magma, and other causes. This study suggests that F preferentially enters solid rather than liquid phases. Hence, on partial melting of a F-rich mantle source, the F entering melts is unlikely to be sufficient to produce high F-bearing lamproites.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In-situ LREE Analysen von Perovskit und Titanit (La, Ce, Nd) und Apatit (La, Ce) aus Klinopyroxenit-Xenolithen und kamafugitischen Laven Südwest-Ugandas zeigen, daß die LREE Verteilung in diesen Mineralen durch eine Vielzahl von Faktoren, die mit Unterschieden in den Paragenesen zusammenhängen, bestimmt wird: Der LREE-Gehalt wird im besonderen davon bestimmt, ob die LREE-führenden Minerale aus metasomatischen Karbonat- oder aus (metasomatischen oder magmatischen) Silikatschmelzen im Mantel auskristallisierten. Dabei erfolgt die LREE Fraktionierung zu Gunsten der Karbonatschmelzen. Die LREE-Verteilung von Perovskit und Apatit, die aus magmatischen Mantelschmelzen oder -laven kristallisierten, wird vorrangig durch den bevorzugten Einbau der LREE in Perovskit 〉 Apatit 〉 Titanit kontrolliert. Der LREE Zonarbau von Perovskit wird durch die Änderungen der Schmelzstruktur beinflußt: Verstärkte Schmelzpolymerisation führt zu verstärkter MineralLFEE/SchmelzeLREE Fraktionierung in den Perovskiträndern magmatischer Xenolithe, eine Abnahme der Schmelzpolymerisation hingegen resultiert in einer Abreicherung der LREE in den Perovskiträndern. Diese Art der Zonierung wird durch den Wettbewerb von Perovskit mit Apatit um die LREE verstärkt. Perovskit (Kerne/Ränder), der mit Apatit gemeinsam auskristallisierte, ist ärmer an LREE. 37 Fälle, in denenCe nicht nachweisbar war, La und Nd aber in “normaler” Konzentration auftreten, wurden sowohl in den Xenolithen als auch in den Laven gefunden; und zwar entweder in Kornbereichen oder in ganzen Körnern. Vergleichsweise liegt Ce nur in sechs von zehn Titanitproben unterhalb der Nachweisgrenze. Diese Beobachtungen werden als Hinweise auf erhöhte SauerstoffFugazitäten, bei denen Ce4− aus der Mineralstruktur ausgeschlossen wird, angesehen. Ein Verständnis dieser verschiedenen Prozesse kann zur besseren Interpretation von LREE Gesamtgesteins- und Gesamtmineral-Signaturen in Kamafugiten beitragen.
    Notes: Summary In-situ microprobe LREE analyses of perovskite and titanite (La, Ce, Nd), and apatite (La, Ce), from SW Ugandan clinopyroxenite xenoliths and kamafugite lavas indicate that LREE distribution in these minerals is determined by a number of factors related to their different parageneses: In particular LREE content is affected by whether the LREE-bearing minerals have crystallised from metasomatic carbonate or from silicate (i.e. metasomatic or magmatic) melts in the mantle. In this situation LREE partition favours carbonate over silicate melts. Distribution of LREE in perovskite and apatite crystallised from magmatic mantle melts or mantle-derived lavas is chiefly determined by preference of LREE for perovskite 〉 apatite 〉 titanite. LREE zoning in perovskite is influenced by changes in melt structure: increasing melt polymerisation enhancing mineralLREE/meltLREE partition into perovskite rims in magmatic xenoliths; decreasing melt polymerisation depleting LREE in lava perovskite rims. This zoning is reinforced by perovskite competition with apatite for LREE: perovskite (cores/rims) co-crystallising with apatite is reduced in LREE. There are 37 instances of perovskitewith Ce below detection while La and Nd levels are “normal”. These occur in both xenoliths and lavas; in grain zones or whole grains. Likewise Ce alone of the LREE is below detection in six out of ten titanite analyses. These observations are interpreted as evidence for increased fO 2, Ce4 + being excluded from these mineral structures. Recognition of these various processes can elucidate the interpretation of bulk rock and bulk mineral LREE signatures in kamafugite volcanism.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 77 (1981), S. 288-295 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Previously proposed substitution mechanisms for Ti in phlogopites, based on experimental studies and crystal chemistry, have been examined using data for 81 phlogopites from mantle-derived rocks (primarily as nodules in kimberlites and also from alkali basalts, lamprophyres and carbonatites), 49 phlogopites from high-K rocks with basaltic affinities, and from 32 phlogopites crystallized in high pressure experiments mainly on high-K rock compositions. For the majority of phlogopites from the kimberlite group and for all those crystallized in the experimental studies, the substitution of Ti can be represented by a combination of the mechanisms represented by 2Mg[VI]⇌ Ti[VI]□[VI] and Mg[VI]2Si[IV]⇌Ti[VI]2Al[IV]. Some phlogopites in ultrapotassic rocks have only the former substitution mechanism. The Ti contents of phlogopites generally increase with decreasing octahedral site occupancy and decreasing Si+Al[VI]. For the phlogopites crystallized in the experiments on high-K rocks, the solubility of Ti increases with increasing fO2 and temperature, and possibly with decreasing pressure at constant fO2. The effect of the composition of the liquids used in the experimental studies from which these phlogopites have crystallized has only minor effect on either the substitution mechanism or the solubility of Ti in phlogopites. This suggests that phlogopite in high-K rocks may be a potential geothermometer and possibly a geobarometer.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 275 (1978), S. 639-640 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Magmas with increasing degrees of undersaturation can be produced only by progressively decreased amounts of partial melting of a peridotitic upper mantle if H2O is the only volatile component present3; olivine nephelinites or olivine basanites represent the most undersaturated types11. Experiments ...
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  • 6
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    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 114 (1993), S. 247-254 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Phase relations have been determined at 20 kb in the simple, Fe-, Ti-free systems hydroxyphlogopite-hydroxyapatite and hydroxyfluorphlogopite-hydroxyfluorapatite in order to determine distribution of fluorine between phlogopite, apatite and melt under mantle conditions. No excess H2O was present in the hydroxyphlogopite-hydroxyapatite system and the F/(OH) ratio was unity in the F-bearing system. Both systems are pseudobinary and contain forsterite at phlogopite-rich compositions. In the F-absent system, the minimum melting occurs at 1225°C and Phl85Ap15, whereas in the F-bearing system this temperature is 1260°C and Phl66Ap34. Phlogopite in the F-absent system has lower Al than in the F-bearing system with both showing Si+Mg=[IV]Al+[VI]Al as the principal substitution. Increase in CaO in forsterite increases with increasing apatite in the bulk composition and is more pronounced in the F-absent system. Distribution of fluorine between phlogopite and liquid and apatite and liquid shows that D F (Phl/glass) ranges from 2–1.25 depending on temperature and bulk composition, whereas the D F (Apat/glass) is about unity. These results suggest that fluorine will tend to remain in the solid phases rather than the melt during partial melting in the mantle. Hence the enrichment of fluorine in ultrapotassic magmas and its role in their evolution are constrained.
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  • 7
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    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 72 (1980), S. 191-195 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Wadeite of composition Zr2K4Si6O18, synthesized at 1 atm, is stable between 12–25 kb at 800 °–1,250 ° C; conditions appropriate to those of partial melting of an anomalous K-enriched upper mantle. If published hypotheses for the generation of high potash mafic to ultramafic lavas based on partial melting of such an anomalous mantle are correct, wadeite is a possible K-bearing mineral, in addition to phlogopide and K-richterite, stable under mantle conditions. The restricted occurrence of wadeite to rocks of West Kimberley, Australia and Leucite Hills, Wyoming is believed to be due to their high K/Al and Zr contents relative to other high potash rocks. The cell constants of wadeite of Zr2K4Si6O18 composition are in agreement with those of natural Zr-rich wadeite and with the values predicted from synthetic wadeites with smaller tetravalents ions in the Zr site.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 61 (1977), S. 35-48 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Rare earth element (REE) abundances in eudialytes and co-existing feldspars and mafic minerals from six alkaline intrusions ranging from mildly to strongly peralkaline indicate large scale complexing of the REE and yttrium. The eudialyte-bearing stages of these intrusions are characterized by a low ∑Ce/∑Y ratio. This enrichment in the heavy REE is not due to the high REE content of the mineral eudialyte but appears to be related to the importance, duration and type of REE and other element complexing during differentiation. Feldspar and mafic mineral REE abundances reflect this low ∑Ce/∑Y ratio and are often altered by late stage magmatic, metasomatic or hydrothermal fluids enriched in the heaviest REE and yttrium.
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  • 9
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    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 73 (1980), S. 429-431 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Conclusions The examples given above indicate a strong possibility of a genetic connection between high K volcanic rocks and subduction related processes, and suggest that the statements quoted from Cundari (1979) in the first paragraph of this paper cannot be substantiated. The origin of the high K rocks has been, and remains, one of the most puzzling problems in petrology. Petrologists are not yet in a position to exclude any aspects of their genesis as Cundari's statements imply.
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  • 10
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    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 103 (1989), S. 277-286 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Glasses have been analysed from six mantle-derived xenoliths (5 orthopyroxene and/or olivine-rich, 1 clinopyroxene-rich) from the Quaternary volcanics S.E. of Gees, West Eifel, Germany. The glasses in these xenoliths occur as pools surrounding and embaying spinels, as inclusions in spinels, as veins and stringers within phlogopiterich veins, and as jackets partially surrounding some of the xenoliths. Glasses analysed are felsic and characterised by low to intermediate SiO2 (40–62 wt.%), variable CaO (1–11 wt.%) and MgO (1–4 wt.%), high Al2O3 (14–21 wt.%), and up to 11 wt.% Na2O + K2O. The jacket glasses have the lowest SiO2, highest CaO and MgO. Variations in all of the glass compositions are similar and imply a unifying factor or process in their formation. Glass as pools and stringers within veins of phlogopite forms part of the same trends shown by all the glasses when plotted on bivariate (oxide vs SiO2) diagrams but can be distinguished from glass surrounding and enclosed by spinels. Glasses occurring as jackets are similar in composition to those in pools and veinlets associated with phlogopite but are of quite different composition to the glasses found within the xenoliths that they partially enclose. The occurrence and chemistry of the glasses do not support such glasses as representing original or differentiated magma trapped during formation of the xenolithic assemblages. The chemistry of the glasses also makes it unlikely that they were produced by dissociation of phlogopite during ascent of the xenoliths. The most likely origin for the glasses is that they represent volatile-rich melts which migrated through upper mantle material. These melts are likely to be responsible for the heterogeneous nature of the mantle underlying this part of the West Eifel region.
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