ALBERT

Description: We generated genome-wide data from 69 Europeans who lived between 8,000-3,000 years ago by enriching ancient DNA libraries for a target set of almost 400,000 polymorphisms. Enrichment of these positions decreases the sequencing required for genome-wide ancient DNA analysis by a median of around 250-fold, allowing us to study an order of magnitude more individuals than previous studies and to obtain new insights about the past. We show that the populations of Western and Far Eastern Europe followed opposite trajectories between 8,000-5,000 years ago. At the beginning of the Neolithic period in Europe, approximately 8,000-7,000 years ago, closely related groups of early farmers appeared in Germany, Hungary and Spain, different from indigenous hunter-gatherers, whereas Russia was inhabited by a distinctive population of hunter-gatherers with high affinity to a approximately 24,000-year-old Siberian. By approximately 6,000-5,000 years ago, farmers throughout much of Europe had more hunter-gatherer ancestry than their predecessors, but in Russia, the Yamnaya steppe herders of this time were descended not only from the preceding eastern European hunter-gatherers, but also from a population of Near Eastern ancestry. Western and Eastern Europe came into contact approximately 4,500 years ago, as the Late Neolithic Corded Ware people from Germany traced approximately 75% of their ancestry to the Yamnaya, documenting a massive migration into the heartland of Europe from its eastern periphery. This steppe ancestry persisted in all sampled central Europeans until at least approximately 3,000 years ago, and is ubiquitous in present-day Europeans. These results provide support for a steppe origin of at least some of the Indo-European languages of Europe.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Haak, Wolfgang -- Lazaridis, Iosif -- Patterson, Nick -- Rohland, Nadin -- Mallick, Swapan -- Llamas, Bastien -- Brandt, Guido -- Nordenfelt, Susanne -- Harney, Eadaoin -- Stewardson, Kristin -- Fu, Qiaomei -- Mittnik, Alissa -- Banffy, Eszter -- Economou, Christos -- Francken, Michael -- Friederich, Susanne -- Pena, Rafael Garrido -- Hallgren, Fredrik -- Khartanovich, Valery -- Khokhlov, Aleksandr -- Kunst, Michael -- Kuznetsov, Pavel -- Meller, Harald -- Mochalov, Oleg -- Moiseyev, Vayacheslav -- Nicklisch, Nicole -- Pichler, Sandra L -- Risch, Roberto -- Rojo Guerra, Manuel A -- Roth, Christina -- Szecsenyi-Nagy, Anna -- Wahl, Joachim -- Meyer, Matthias -- Krause, Johannes -- Brown, Dorcas -- Anthony, David -- Cooper, Alan -- Alt, Kurt Werner -- Reich, David -- GM100233/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG006399/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jun 11;522(7555):207-11. doi: 10.1038/nature14317. Epub 2015 Mar 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences &Environment Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia. ; 1] Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. ; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. ; 1] Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA [3] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Institute of Anthropology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. ; 1] Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA [3] Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany [4] Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, IVPP, CAS, Beijing 100049, China. ; Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tubingen, D-72070 Tubingen, Germany. ; 1] Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Science, H-1014 Budapest, Hungary [2] Romisch Germanische Kommission (RGK) Frankfurt, D-60325 Frankfurt, Germany. ; Archaeological Research Laboratory, Stockholm University, 114 18 Stockholm, Sweden. ; Departments of Paleoanthropology and Archaeogenetics, Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and Paleoenvironment, University of Tubingen, D-72070 Tubingen, Germany. ; State Office for Heritage Management and Archaeology Saxony-Anhalt and State Museum of Prehistory, D-06114 Halle, Germany. ; Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueologia, Facultad de Filosofia y Letras, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain. ; The Cultural Heritage Foundation, Vasteras 722 12, Sweden. ; Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) RAS, St Petersburg 199034, Russia. ; Volga State Academy of Social Sciences and Humanities, Samara 443099, Russia. ; Deutsches Archaeologisches Institut, Abteilung Madrid, E-28002 Madrid, Spain. ; 1] Institute of Anthropology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, D-55128 Mainz, Germany [2] State Office for Heritage Management and Archaeology Saxony-Anhalt and State Museum of Prehistory, D-06114 Halle, Germany [3] Danube Private University, A-3500 Krems, Austria. ; Institute for Prehistory and Archaeological Science, University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland. ; Departamento de Prehistoria, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain. ; Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueolgia, Universidad de Valladolid, E-47002 Valladolid, Spain. ; 1] Institute of Anthropology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, D-55128 Mainz, Germany [2] Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Science, H-1014 Budapest, Hungary. ; State Office for Cultural Heritage Management Baden-Wurttemberg, Osteology, D-78467 Konstanz, Germany. ; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany. ; 1] Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tubingen, D-72070 Tubingen, Germany [2] Departments of Paleoanthropology and Archaeogenetics, Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and Paleoenvironment, University of Tubingen, D-72070 Tubingen, Germany [3] Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, D-07745 Jena, Germany. ; Anthropology Department, Hartwick College, Oneonta, New York 13820, USA. ; 1] Institute of Anthropology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, D-55128 Mainz, Germany [2] State Office for Heritage Management and Archaeology Saxony-Anhalt and State Museum of Prehistory, D-06114 Halle, Germany [3] Danube Private University, A-3500 Krems, Austria [4] Institute for Prehistory and Archaeological Science, University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25731166" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Ancient DNA makes it possible to observe natural selection directly by analysing samples from populations before, during and after adaptation events. Here we report a genome-wide scan for selection using ancient DNA, capitalizing on the largest ancient DNA data set yet assembled: 230 West Eurasians who lived between 6500 and 300 bc, including 163 with newly reported data. The new samples include, to our knowledge, the first genome-wide ancient DNA from Anatolian Neolithic farmers, whose genetic material we obtained by extracting from petrous bones, and who we show were members of the population that was the source of Europe's first farmers. We also report a transect of the steppe region in Samara between 5600 and 300 bc, which allows us to identify admixture into the steppe from at least two external sources. We detect selection at loci associated with diet, pigmentation and immunity, and two independent episodes of selection on height.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mathieson, Iain -- Lazaridis, Iosif -- Rohland, Nadin -- Mallick, Swapan -- Patterson, Nick -- Roodenberg, Songul Alpaslan -- Harney, Eadaoin -- Stewardson, Kristin -- Fernandes, Daniel -- Novak, Mario -- Sirak, Kendra -- Gamba, Cristina -- Jones, Eppie R -- Llamas, Bastien -- Dryomov, Stanislav -- Pickrell, Joseph -- Arsuaga, Juan Luis -- de Castro, Jose Maria Bermudez -- Carbonell, Eudald -- Gerritsen, Fokke -- Khokhlov, Aleksandr -- Kuznetsov, Pavel -- Lozano, Marina -- Meller, Harald -- Mochalov, Oleg -- Moiseyev, Vyacheslav -- Guerra, Manuel A Rojo -- Roodenberg, Jacob -- Verges, Josep Maria -- Krause, Johannes -- Cooper, Alan -- Alt, Kurt W -- Brown, Dorcas -- Anthony, David -- Lalueza-Fox, Carles -- Haak, Wolfgang -- Pinhasi, Ron -- Reich, David -- GM100233/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Dec 24;528(7583):499-503. doi: 10.1038/nature16152. Epub 2015 Nov 23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Independent researcher, Santpoort-Noord, The Netherlands. ; School of Archaeology and Earth Institute, Belfield, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland. ; Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb 10000, Croatia. ; Department of Anthropology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA. ; Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland. ; Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Biological Sciences &Environment Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia. ; Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia. ; Department of Paleolithic Archaeology, Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia. ; Centro Mixto UCM-ISCIII de Evolucion y Comportamiento Humanos, 28040 Madrid, Spain. ; Departamento de Paleontologia, Facultad Ciencias Geologicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain. ; Centro Nacional de Investigacion sobre Evolucion Humana (CENIEH), 09002 Burgos, Spain. ; IPHES. Institut Catala de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolucio Social, Campus Sescelades-URV, 43007 Tarragona, Spain. ; Area de Prehistoria, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), 43002 Tarragona, Spain. ; Netherlands Institute in Turkey, Istiklal Caddesi, Nur-i Ziya Sokak 5, Beyog lu 34433, Istanbul, Turkey. ; Volga State Academy of Social Sciences and Humanities, Samara 443099, Russia. ; State Office for Heritage Management and Archaeology Saxony-Anhalt and State Museum of Prehistory, D-06114 Halle, Germany. ; Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) RAS, St Petersburg 199034, Russia. ; Department of Prehistory and Archaeology, University of Valladolid, 47002 Valladolid, Spain. ; The Netherlands Institute for the Near East, Leiden RA-2300, the Netherlands. ; Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, D-07745 Jena, Germany. ; Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tubingen, D-72070 Tubingen, Germany. ; Danube Private University, A-3500 Krems, Austria. ; Institute for Prehistory and Archaeological Science, University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland. ; Anthropology Department, Hartwick College, Oneonta, New York 13820, USA. ; Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), 08003 Barcelona, Spain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26595274" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Southeast Asia is home to rich human genetic and linguistic diversity, but the details of past population movements in the region are not well known. Here, we report genome-wide ancient DNA data from 18 Southeast Asian individuals spanning from the Neolithic period through the Iron Age (4100 to 1700 years ago). Early farmers from Man Bac in Vietnam exhibit a mixture of East Asian (southern Chinese agriculturalist) and deeply diverged eastern Eurasian (hunter-gatherer) ancestry characteristic of Austroasiatic speakers, with similar ancestry as far south as Indonesia providing evidence for an expansive initial spread of Austroasiatic languages. By the Bronze Age, in a parallel pattern to Europe, sites in Vietnam and Myanmar show close connections to present-day majority groups, reflecting substantial additional influxes of migrants.

Description: The new generation of satellite-borne earth resources scanners, the Thematic Mapper, is being built for launch on the Landsat-D spacecraft. It will gather data for applications such as crop inventory, land use planning, forest management, and geology. This paper gives an overall design description, further discussion of principal design features, performance achievements where data are available, and system performance predictions.

Description: A 40.6 cm bidirectional scan mirror assembly, a scan line corrector and a silicon photodiode array with integral preamplifier input stages were designed, fabricated, and tested to demonstrate performance consistent with requirements of the Hughes thematic mapper system. The measured performance met or exceeded the original design goals in all cases with the qualification that well defined and well understood deficiencies in the design of the photodiode array package will require the prescribed corrections before flight use.

Description: Mission applications have been studied that use solar electric propulsion (SEP) to inject payloads into geocentric orbits. Two specific applications feasible with current technology are described that approximate practical bounds for the next decade. In the lower extreme, SEP is used on a Thor-Delta launched satellite to maximize the weight injected into synchronous orbits. In the other extreme, SEP is used in a reusable interorbital tug together with an all-chemical shuttle/tug transportation system. Different trajectory profiles are required to most efficiently accomplish the overall mission objectives in the two cases.