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  • 1
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    Heavy rain effects (1994)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: This paper summarizes the current state of knowledge of the effect of heavy rain on airplane performance. Although the effects of heavy rain on airplane systems and engines are generally known, only recently has the potential aerodynamic effect of heavy rain been recognized. In 1977 the United States Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) conducted a study of 25 aircraft accidents and incidents which occurred between 1964 and 1976 in which low-altitude wind shear could have been a contributing factor. Of the 25 cases (23 approach or landing and 2 take-off) in the study, ten cases had occurred in a rain environment, and in five cases these were classified as intense or heavy rain encounters. These results led to the reconsideration of high-intensity, short-duration rainfall as a potential weather-related aircraft safety hazard, particularly in the take-off and/or approach phases of flight.
    Keywords: AIR TRANSPORTATION AND SAFETY
    Type: AGARD, Flight in an Adverse Environment; 17 p
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 2
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    The potential influence of rain on airfoil performance (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The potential influence of heavy rain on airfoil performance is discussed. Experimental methods for evaluating rain effects are reviewed. Important scaling considerations for extrapolating model data are presented. It is shown that considerable additional effort, both analytical and experimental, is necessary to understand the degree of hazard associated with flight operations in rain.
    Keywords: AIR TRANSPORTATION AND SAFETY
    Type: Von Karman Inst. for Fluid Dynamics, Influence of Environmental Factors on Aircraft Wing Performance; 14 p
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    A summary of NASA research on effects of heavy rain on airfoils (1991)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-10-02
    Description: Results from a broad NASA research program are presented. The intention of the program was to obtain fundamental aerodynamic information regarding the effect of heavy rain on airplane performance. The take-off and landing characteristics are of particular concern, and the aim of the program is to understand the physical phenomena associated with any aerodynamic performance penalty that may occur during a rain encounter. This overview includes results of recent attempts to measure high-intensity, short-duration rainfall, a discussion of some of the earlier analytical investigations of rain effects on airfoils, a review of some promising experimental methods for evaluating rain effects, and some important scaling considerations for extrapolating model data.
    Keywords: AIR TRANSPORTATION AND SAFETY
    Type: AGARD, Effects of Adverse Weather on Aerodynamics; 14 p
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
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    The potential influence of rain on airfoil performance (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-12-01
    Description: An overview of the most recent work conducted by NASA and others to study the potential influence of heavy rain on airfoil performance is presented. Previous analytical investigations are discussed, and some promising experimental methods for evaluating rain effects are examined. Special attention is given to the scaling analysis. Results from wind tunnel tests indicated that a conventional NACA 64-210 airfoil and an unflapped NACA 0012 airfoil have different sensitivities to a simulated rain spray. Very little effect was noted on the lift of the NACA 64-210 airfoil, while the NACA 0012 showed a considerable loss in maximum lift capability. With both airfoils in a flapped configuration, significant reductions in maximum lift capability were noted. For the NACA 64-210 airfoil, a reduction in the angle of attack for maximum lift was observed. For both airfoils, the effect of rain on lift occurred near the region of maximum lift; little effect was observed at lower angles of attack.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Format: text
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  • 5
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    Wind Tunnel Aerodynamic Characteristics of a Transport-type Airfoil in a Simulated Heavy Rain Environment (1992)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The effects of simulated heavy rain on the aerodynamic characteristics of an NACA 64-210 airfoil section equipped with leading-and trailing-edge high-lift devices were investigated in the Langley 14- by 22-Foot Subsonic Tunnel. The model had a chord of 2.5 ft, a span of 8 ft, and was mounted on the tunnel centerline between two large endplates. Aerodynamic measurements in and out of the simulated rain environment were obtained for dynamic pressures of 30 and 50 psf and an angle-of-attack range of 0 to 20 degrees for the cruise configuration. The rain intensity was varied to produce liquid water contents ranging from 16 to 46 gm/cu m. The results obtained for various rain intensity levels and tunnel speeds showed significant losses in maximum lift capability and increases in drag for a given lift as the liquid water content was increased. The results obtained on the landing configuration also indicate a progressive decrease in the angle of attack at which maximum lift occurred and an increase in the slope of the pitching-moment curve as the liquid water content was increased. The sensitivity of test results to the effects of the water surface tension was also investigated. A chemical was introduced into the rain environment that reduced the surface tension of water by a factor of 2. The reduction in the surface tension of water did not significantly alter the level of performance losses for the landing configuration.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TP-3184 , L-16959 , NAS 1.60:3184
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 6
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    Operational considerations for aerodynamic testing of large-scale wing sections in a simulated natural rain environment (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: One of the necessary areas of consideration for outdoor heavy rain testing is the effect of wind on both the simulated rain field and the quality and repeatability of the aerodynamic data. This paper discusses the data acquisition and subsequent reduction to nondimensional coefficients of lift and drag, with the appropriate correction for wind and rain field. Sample force data showing these effects are presented, along with estimates for accuracy and repeatability. The capability to produce high-quality data for rain drop size distribution using photographic and computerized image processing techniques was developed. Sample photographs depicting rain drop size are shown.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA PAPER 90-0485
    Format: text
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  • 7
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    Results of aerodynamic testing of large-scale wing sections in a simulated natural rain environment (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The NASA Langley Research Center has developed a large-scale ground testing capability for evaluating the effect of heavy rain on airfoil lift. The paper presents the results obtained at the Langley Aircraft Landing Dynamics Facility on a 10-foot cord NACA 64-210 wing section equipped with a leading-edge slat and double-slotted trailing-edge flap deflected to simulate landing conditions. Aerodynamic lift data were obtained with and without the rain simulation system turned on for an angle-of-attack range of 7.5 to 19.5 deg and for two rainfall conditions: 9 in/hr and 40 in/hr. The results are compared to and correlated with previous small-scale wind tunnel results for the same airfoil section. It appears that to first order, scale effects are not large and the wind tunnel research technique can be used to predict rain effects on airplane performance.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA PAPER 90-0486
    Format: text
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