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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Arms and the Man: World War I and the Rise of the Welfare State (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 57 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Why did peacetime government shares of total spending double in a number of Western economies between 1910 and 1938? The widely separated dates for the introduction of universal manhood suffrage and the evidence of a rise in protection during the inter-war period indicate that neither democracy nor globalization can explain this development. This paper reexamines two other explanations, namely, (1) a shift in the demand for public goods and (2) a war-induced willingness to share with one's fellow citizens. By introducing into Schelling's (1978) Multi-Person Dilemma a learning game whose payoffs change endogenously, we provide theoretical explanations for this transformation. We then test the resulting propositions with data on public spending as a share of GNP for the U.S., Canada, the U.K., Germany and Denmark, from the 1870s to the 1930s. In each case, we find no unit root but a break in trend, a result shown to favor explanation (2) over (1).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0023-5962.2004.00265.x
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  • 2
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    The Side Effects of Foreign Aid: The Case of Public Law 480 Wheat in Colombia (1975)
    Chicago : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Economic development and cultural change. 23:2 (1975:Jan.) 325 
    Details
    ISSN: 0013-0079
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pao:&rft_dat=xri:pao:article:5112-1975-023-02-000006
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  • 3
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    Structural Change in Interdependent Bureaucracies: Was Rome's Failure Economic or Military? (1990)
    New York : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Explorations in economic history. 27:2 (1990:Apr.) 232 
    Details
    ISSN: 0014-4983
    Topics: History , Economics
    URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pao:&rft_dat=xri:pao:article:6432-1990-027-02-000005
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  • 4
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    The Effects of Non-Clearing Labor Markets on the Demand for Public Spending (1984)
    Oxford : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Economic Inquiry. 22:2 (1984:Apr.) 151 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-2583
    Topics: Economics
    URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pao:&rft_dat=xri:pao:article:b097-1984-022-02-000001
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bureaucratic corruption as a constraint on voter choice (1987)
    Springer
    Public choice 55 (1987), S. 127-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7101
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Conclusion This paper has attempted to explain variations among countries in the tax level, in the importance of progressive taxes and transfers, and in the after-tax share of middle-income groups. Particular attention was paid to the declines in each of these variables which are observable in cross-section data in the intermediate ranges of development. It was argued that these phenomena are difficult to explain by variations in the demand for public spending or in the degree of tax evasion. The hypothesis set out in this paper was that these nonlinearities are a result of the inability of elected representatives to observe taxable activities at certain levels of income. The result is a loss of potential tax revenues through bribes to officials. Such bribes, it was suggested, are most likely in the income brackets where total income is increasing rapidly in developing countries. A theoretical model based on expected vote maximization by political candidates indicated that voter-taxpayers will be unwilling to make up the short fall by additional taxes. To the extent that the problem of observing taxable activities is more serious for direct than for indirect taxes, direct tax revenues should fail to keep pace with total income in the early stages of development. The presence of supply-side constraints on the capacity of the fiscal system to generate direct-tax revenues was tested by means of a simultaneous-equation model. Since in practice transfer payments or negative taxes form an important part of the direct tax system, it was necessary to include them in the empirical analysis. It was decided to define an unobservable variable, the overall fiscal structure, which reflects the effects of both tax structure and transfer payments. Use of the LISREL technique allowed this new variable to be treated as a latent variable in statistical estimation. The results indicated that overall fiscal structure varied in nonlinear fashion with the logarithm of per-capita income, as the theoretical model predicted. This variable was found in turn to be a significant determinant of the level of taxes and the distribution of after-tax income. Little evidence was found of feedback from these other variables to the overall fiscal structure. These findings were interpreted as being consistent with the hypothesis that voter choices may be constrained by the revenue-generating capacity of the fiscal system if a significant portion of taxable activities is not easily observable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00156814
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The demand for military expenditures: An international comparison (1981)
    Springer
    Public choice 37 (1981), S. 5-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7101
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Earlier studies have explained inter-country variations in the share of GNP devoted to military expenditures by international spillovers and by differences in the threat of attack related to relative incomes. In this paper, we use the theory of public choice to explain these differences. We attempt to measure the importance of both international spillovers and relative incomes, along with two other factors: the tax-price elasticity of demand and economies of scale in the consumption of security. We find that international spillovers are significant and positive, that the income elasticity of demand is greater than unity, that the tax-price elasticity of demand explains part of observed inter-country differences, and that there are considerable economies of scale in the consumption of military spending. Finally, between 1960 and 1975, there was apparently a substantial increase in the value which each country derived from a dollar of military spending by its allies. This phenomenon, which seems related to the increased importance of deterrent weapons, has tended to induce individual alliance members to reduce the share of their national income devoted to defense.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00124229
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Punishment, reward and the fortunes of states (1992)
    Springer
    Public choice 74 (1992), S. 293-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7101
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Existing theories explain the rise and fall of states either by random factors specific to each state or by a life cycle to which any state eventually succumbs. However, neither approach is able to explain systematic patterns such as the tendency toward smaller political units during the millennium from 400 to 1400 A.D. and the movement in the opposite direction over the last six centuries. Here it is argued that such changes are due to innovations in the technology of information processing and military control that alter the cost of generating rewards and imposing punishment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00149181
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The rationality of revolution (2000)
    Springer
    Economics of governance 1 (2000), S. 77-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-8131
    Keywords: Key words:Revolution, information, technology, Europe, game theory ; JEL classification:N43, N44
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract. Between 950 and 1950, European states experienced four short intervals of rapid social, political and economic change. Each such period followed the introduction of a macroinvention in information and communication technology. Here these two sets of events are linked by a rational theory of revolution in which the optimal system for producing the information to allocate a society's resources depends on the relative importance of fixed costs and network effects. Variations in these parameters can trigger four types of revolution –contractual, consensual, preemptive and prescriptive– each of which captures the essential features of one of the historical periods of change.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101010050006
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