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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pressure peaking in pulsatile flow through arterial tree structures (1995)
    Springer
    Annals of biomedical engineering 23 (1995), S. 794-803 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Arterial trees ; Pulsatile flow ; Pressure peaking
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract An analytical iterative scheme is presented for computing the local characteristics of pressure and flow waves as they progress along a tree structure and become modified by wave reflections. Results are obtained to illustrate the phenoenon of pressure peaking under two different sets of circumstances. In the first case, the propagation of a single harmonic wave along a simple tree is considered, where wave reflections modify the amplitude of the pressure wave as it travels. In the second case, the propagation of a composite wave along a tree with multiple branches is considered, where wave reflections modify the shape of the wave as it travels and cause it to peak. The results demonstrate unambiguously that the root cause of this phenomenon is wave reflections caused by stepwise decreases in admittance, as has been previously suggested, rather than due to nonlinear interactions, as has also been previously suggested. It is shown clearly that even when wave reflections combine linearly, they lead to considerable peaking in the pressure waveform.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00000009
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
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    A genetic lesion that arrests plasma cell homing to the bone marrow (2003)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-10-10
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 3
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    Growth, biomass allocation and photosynthetic responses are related to intensity of root severance and soil moisture conditions in the plantation tree Cunninghamia lanceolata (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-08-03
    Description: We employed the warm temperate conifer Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook. as a model of plantation forest species to investigate ecophysiological responses to root treatments (control (0%), and ~25, 50 or 75% of the initial root mass) under well-watered and water-limited conditions. Our results indicated that total root dry mass accumulation was negatively associated with the severity of root pruning, but there was evidence of multiple compensatory responses. The plants exhibited higher instantaneous and long-term (assessed by carbon isotope composition, 13 C) water-use efficiency in pruning treatments, especially under low water availability. Root pruning also increased the fine root/total root mass ratio, specific root length and fine root vitality in both water availability treatments. As a result of the compensatory responses, under well-watered conditions, height, stem dry mass accumulation, leaf/fine root biomass ratio (L/FR), transpiration rate, photosynthetic capacity and photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency ( E N ) were the highest under 25% pruning. Yet, all these traits except L/FR and foliage nitrogen content were severely reduced under 75% pruning. Drought negatively affected growth and leaf gas exchange rates, and there was a greater negative effect on growth, water potential, gas exchange and E N when 〉25% of total root biomass was removed. The stem/aboveground mass ratio was the highest under 25% pruning in both watering conditions. These results indicate that the responses to root severance are related to the excision intensity and soil moisture content. A moderate root pruning proved to be an effective means to improve stem dry mass accumulation.
    Print ISSN: 0829-318X
    Electronic ISSN: 1758-4469
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 4
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    Elastic and inelastic responses of compliant fault zones to nearby earthquakes in three dimensions: a parameter-space study (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-03-27
    Description: Using dynamic rupture models of a right-lateral fault embedded in an elastic or elastoplastic 3-D medium, we investigate elastic and inelastic responses of compliant fault zones to nearby earthquake ruptures. We particularly examine effects of fault zone depth, width, shape and rigidity reduction on the surface displacement field. Our results from elastic models show that deeper and wider fault zones generally result in larger residual displacements. However, for shallow fault zones, the vertical residual displacement is insensitive to or even decreases with fault zone width. The width of horizontal displacement anomalies across a fault zone is only indicative of the fault zone width near the Earth's surface. There are trade-off effects among fault zone depth, width, shape and rigidity reduction on the amplitude of surface residual displacements. Our elastoplastic models show that plastic strain can occur along the entire fault zone near the Earth's surface and in the extensional quadrant at depth, if fault zone rocks are close to failure before a nearby earthquake happens. Compared with results from elastic models, plastic strain near the Earth's surface generally enhances surface displacements of a fault zone and does not change the trend of effects of fault zone depth and width, while plastic strain at depth can result in reduced retrograde motion or sympathetic motion across the fault zone, and introduce complexities in effects of fault zone depth and width. Sympathetic horizontal motion more likely occurs across a narrow fault zone with inelastic response at depth. Vertical motion in the extensional quadrant may actually decrease with fault zone width in elastoplastic models. Sympathetic horizontal motion, or small retrograde horizontal motion in conjunction with large vertical motion above a fault zone is indicative of inelastic response of a fault zone at depth.
    Keywords: Geodynamics and Tectonics
    Print ISSN: 0956-540X
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-246X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft (DGG) and the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS).
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  • 5
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    Influence of initial stress and rupture initiation parameters on forbidden zone rupture propagation (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-10
    Description: Well established theoretical and numerical results of 2-D ruptures have been accepted for years to limit the speed of mode II cracks to be below the Rayleigh velocity or above the shear wave speed. However, recent work has numerically produced rupture speeds in this so-called ‘forbidden zone’, that is the region of rupture velocities between the Rayleigh wave speed and the shear wave speed, for 3-D simulations. We verify that finding here and further examine the dependence of that behaviour on initial stress and rupture initiation parameters. Using a 3-D finite element model for dynamic rupture propagation, numerical experiments were performed for different initial stress conditions as well as different size initiation patches and forced rupture velocities. It is shown that the initial stress on the fault has a strong influence on the resulting rupture, specifically with regards to the distance at which the rupture transitions to supershear speeds, the maximum rupture velocity attained on the fault, and how rapidly the rupture passes through the forbidden zone. It is also demonstrated that for the same initial stress, increasing the size of the nucleation patch or the speed of forced rupture can artificially increase the gradient of the rupture velocity within the forbidden zone. This suggests that the rupture is uniquely predetermined by the stress state and material properties of the fault and surrounding medium in these models.
    Print ISSN: 0956-540X
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-246X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft (DGG) and the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS).
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  • 6
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    Coseismic Slip Gradient and Rupture Jumps on Parallel Strike-Slip Faults (2016)
    Seismological Society of America (SSA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-01-27
    Description: Field observations of slip distribution along large strike-slip faults and preliminary rupture model simulations reveal a possible correlation between slip gradient near a fault end and the ability of a rupture to jump over a structure stepover in a strike-slip fault system. We simulate the dynamic rupture process on two parallel strike-slip faults embedded in an elastic medium to investigate this correlation and compare model-generated results with field-measured data. We find that the slip gradients calculated over the final 1 km of a fault have a linear relationship with both the average stress drop on the fault and the largest width of the step that could be jumped by a propagating rupture. Our dynamic coulomb stress analyses show that the average stress drop on the first fault, which is proportional to the slip gradient in the final 1 km, determines the positive coulomb stress region at the end of the first fault, which in turn determines the largest jumpable step width. A larger stress drop results in a larger positive coulomb stress region around the first fault end, which allows the rupture to jump a wider stepover.
    Print ISSN: 0037-1106
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-3573
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Seismological Society of America (SSA)
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  • 7
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    Impacts of Different Types of ENSO Events on Thermocline Variability in the Southern Tropical Indian Ocean (2019)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract Remarkable interannual variability in the thermocline depth in the southern tropical Indian Ocean (STIO) is analyzed using reanalysis data during 1980–2017. Previous studies have shown that the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has a significant relationship with thermocline depth anomalies in this region. We find that both the eastern‐Pacific (EP) and central‐Pacific (CP) ENSO have important impacts on the STIO thermocline variation. The positive and negative phases of thermocline anomalies in the STIO are induced by asymmetric forcings from the two phases of ENSO. EP‐El Niño and CP‐La Niña events tend to induce larger thermocline depth anomalies in the STIO. Equatorial westerly and STIO anticyclonic winds during EP‐El Niño events can induce downwelling Rossby waves that extend far toward the western Indian Ocean, which dominates the westward propagation of thermocline anomalies, while upwelling Rossby waves during CP‐La Niña events cannot extend that far west.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 8
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    Dynamics of Parallel Strike-Slip Faults with Pore Fluid Pressure Change and Off-Fault Damage (2014)
    Seismological Society of America (SSA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-04-04
    Description: We use a 2D finite-element program to investigate how effects of time-dependent pore pressure and off-fault damage in the form of plastic yielding could affect earthquake rupture on parallel strike-slip faults with a stepover. From single-fault tests, we find that the positive Coulomb stress (PCS) region at the end of the first fault controls the rupture initiation time and location on the second fault. Plastic deformation could significantly reduce the effective normal stress and adjust the shear stress in a specific direction, resulting in a narrowband with PCS in a dilatational stepover favoring the initiation of rupture. For a compressive stepover, the effect of plastic deformation is less obvious and the crescent-shaped PCS region triggers rupture initiation on the second fault. The undrained pore pressure increases the effective normal stress in a dilatational stepover, which significantly reduces the jumping ability of rupture. When both undrained pore pressure and significant off-fault damage are present, the effect of undrained pore pressure dominates in the dilatational stepover, whereas plastic deformation in the compressive stepover slightly reduces the maximum jumpable width.
    Print ISSN: 0037-1106
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-3573
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Seismological Society of America (SSA)
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  • 9
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    Verifying a Computational Method for Predicting Extreme Ground Motion (2011)
    Seismological Society of America (SSA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-09-01
    Description: INTRODUCTION Large earthquakes strike infrequently and close-in recordings are uncommon. This situation makes it difficult to predict the ground motion very close to earthquake-generating faults, if the prediction is to be based on readily available observations. A solution might be to cover the Earth with seismic instruments so that one could rely on the data from previous events to predict future shaking. However, even in the case of complete seismic data coverage for hundreds of years, there would still be one type of earthquake that would be difficult to predict: those very rare earthquakes that produce very large ground motion. These extreme-ground-motion events are so unlikely that most engineers would not even consider designing facilities to withstand the possibility of their occurrence. An exception would be a structure that needs to remain functional for an unusually long period of time. One example of a planned long-life structure has been the high-level nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. This structure has been envisioned as one that would perform reliably over tens of thousands of years (CRWMS M&O, 1998). The problem of predicting the maximum possible ground motion in the Yucca Mountain region has been studied using two approaches: a geological approach that examines evidence from the past, and a seismological approach that predicts possibilities for the future via computer simulations. Both strategies are described in detail in Hanks et al. (forthcoming). The seismological approach involved computer simulations that invoked a "physical limits" perspective. Calculations were performed to numerically simulate the largest possible earthquake-generated ground motions that could occur, while remaining faithful to the current state of knowledge about rock physics and wave propagation. These "physical limit" simulations were specifically applied to scenario earthquakes on the faults on and near Yucca Mountain (Andrews et al. 2007). In...
    Print ISSN: 0895-0695
    Electronic ISSN: 1938-2057
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Seismological Society of America (SSA)
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  • 10
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    Elastic and inelastic responses of compliant fault zones to nearby earthquakes in three dimensions: a parameter-space study (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-03-29
    Description: Using dynamic rupture models of a right-lateral fault embedded in an elastic or elastoplastic 3-D medium, we investigate elastic and inelastic responses of compliant fault zones to nearby earthquake ruptures. We particularly examine effects of fault zone depth, width, shape and rigidity reduction on the surface displacement field. Our results from elastic models show that deeper and wider fault zones generally result in larger residual displacements. However, for shallow fault zones, the vertical residual displacement is insensitive to or even decreases with fault zone width. The width of horizontal displacement anomalies across a fault zone is only indicative of the fault zone width near the Earth's surface. There are trade-off effects among fault zone depth, width, shape and rigidity reduction on the amplitude of surface residual displacements. Our elastoplastic models show that plastic strain can occur along the entire fault zone near the Earth's surface and in the extensional quadrant at depth, if fault zone rocks are close to failure before a nearby earthquake happens. Compared with results from elastic models, plastic strain near the Earth's surface generally enhances surface displacements of a fault zone and does not change the trend of effects of fault zone depth and width, while plastic strain at depth can result in reduced retrograde motion or sympathetic motion across the fault zone, and introduce complexities in effects of fault zone depth and width. Sympathetic horizontal motion more likely occurs across a narrow fault zone with inelastic response at depth. Vertical motion in the extensional quadrant may actually decrease with fault zone width in elastoplastic models. Sympathetic horizontal motion, or small retrograde horizontal motion in conjunction with large vertical motion above a fault zone is indicative of inelastic response of a fault zone at depth.
    Keywords: Geodynamics and Tectonics
    Print ISSN: 0956-540X
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-246X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft (DGG) and the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS).
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