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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Solar physics 4 (1968), S. 229-239 
    ISSN: 1573-093X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The proton flare of August 28, 1966 began on Hα records at 15h21m35s UT. It presented an unusually complex development with flare emission occurring in two distinct plages. The brightest part of the flare attained maximum intensity, 152 % of the continuum, between 15h30m and 15h32m UT. Photometric measurements show that a long-enduring part of the flare continued to decline in intensity until at least 21h20m UT. The flare developed first in parts of the plages that were near the extremities of a filament and a complex system of curvilinear absorption structures, possibly an eruptive prominence in projection. During the rise to maximum intensity a large expanding feature moved southward from the site of the flare with a velocity ∼ 700 km/sec. Its appearance on monochromatic records of the chromosphere made in the center of Hα and 0.5 Å on either side was consistent with the effect of an advancing phenomenon that induces a small shift of the Hα absorption line, first to longer, and then to shorter wavelengths. Two bright flare-filaments were obvious aspects of the event by 15h28m and dominated the main phase of the flare. Loop-type prominences were observed in absorption as early as 15h40m.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Solar physics 13 (1970), S. 401-419 
    ISSN: 1573-093X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Major Hα flares (importance ⪖ 2) in plages with only small or no spots constitute a rare but well observed aspect of solar activity. Information relating to 83 such flares has been assembled and studied. In the years 1956–1968 these flares represented ∼ 7% of all confirmed flares of importance ⪖ 2. In general, the flares were of unusually long duration and rose to maximum intensity slowly. A flash phase was often absent or poorly defined. In a number of cases, the flare emission included two bright filaments more or less parallel. The flares usually occurred during the late, flare-poor phase of a center of activity, and their outbreak did not presage a resurgence of activity in subsequent rotations. The flares were frequently associated with the position of dark filaments. Like major flares in general, the flares in regions with small or no spots usually were associated with long-enduring radiation (gradual rise and fall and/or postburst increase) at ∼ 10 cm, and with X-ray enhancements (2–12 Å) at least as great as 4 times the quiet Sun. They were deficient, in the associated occurrence of strong, impulsive, centimetric bursts and of X-ray events 〉 20 times the quiet Sun. The absence of large spots apparently did not inhibit the occurrence of Type II bursts. Only 41% of the major flares here studied were accompanied by shortwave fades and of these ionospheric disturbances only a few were great events. In general the flares were not followed by the detection of high energy particles or the onset of geomagnetic storms. However, a few of the flares (including those of 1967 January 11 and February 13) apparently were associated with well observed particle emission and suggest that the presence of a large complex spot is not always necessary for the acceleration of energetic particles or the emission of solar plasma at the time of a large Hα flare.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-093X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Studies of ‘disparitions brusques’ in solar cycles 19 and 20 (to 1969) indicate that such events occur frequently. Approximately 30% of all large filaments in these cycles disintegrated in the course of their transit across the solar disk. ‘Major’ flares occurred with above average frequency on the last day on which 141 large disappearing filaments were observed (1958–60; 1966–69). Relationships between a disintegrating filament on July 10–11, 1959, a prior major flare, a newly formed spot, and concomitant growth of Hα plage are presented. Observation of prior descending prominence material apparently directed towards the location of the flare of 1959 July 15d19h23m is reported. The development of the filament-associated flare of February 13, 1967 is described.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-093X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract An energetic solar proton and electron event was observed by particle detectors aboard Explorer 33 (AIMP-1) and OGO-3 during the period July 16–19, 1966. Optical and radio observations of the sun suggest that these particles were produced by a flare which may have occurred on July 16 near the central meridian of the invisible hemisphere. The active region to which the flare is assigned is known to have produced the energetic particle events of July 7 and 28, 1966. The propagation of the particles in the July 16–19 event over the ∼180° extent of solar longitude from the flare to the earth is discussed, and it is concluded that there must exist a means of rapidly distributing energetic particles over a large area of the sun. Several possible mechanisms are suggested.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Solar physics 5 (1968), S. 417-422 
    ISSN: 1573-093X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-093X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract During 1967–1970, the greatness of ∼ 90 large flares (Hα importance ≳ 2) was influenced by the orientation of the large-scale (∼ 100 000 km) magnetic field structure over the flare site. Although the average X-ray and optical emissions are only slightly larger for flares with their overlying fields directed southward, as opposed to northward, the meter-wave-length prompt flux maxima are, on average, an order of magnitude greater for the flares with southward oriented magnetic fields. There is a comparable, but possibly smaller difference in the 10 cm-λ fluxes. We therefore conclude that, during this period, the orientation of the overlying magnetic field affects the amount of electromagnetic flare energy radiated promptly in the corona (10 cm-λ and m-λ), relative to that radiated in the chromosphere (X-ray and optical). We demonstrate that this statistical effect shows some variability in degree during the period, although the trend is consistent throughout.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Solar physics 9 (1969), S. 278-295 
    ISSN: 1573-093X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Solar circumstances have been evaluated for January 28, 1967, the date of an observed ground level enhancement of cosmic rays which was not preceded by observation of a suitably great Hα flare. On the visible solar hemisphere, a bright subflare at S23° E19° occurred in appropriate time association with the cosmic ray event, and was accompanied by weak X-ray enhancement and radio frequency emission. If this flare, alone, or in combination with other minor flares observed on the visible hemisphere on January 28 was the source of the energetic cosmic rays recorded on that date, then current thinking regarding the characteristics of cosmic ray flares must be modified. An initial study of probable circumstances on the invisible hemisphere did not lead to the immediate recognition of amajor center of activity as the probable source of a cosmic ray flare. Further evaluation of all centers of activity on the invisible hemisphere identified one region, McMath Plage No. 8687, 64° beyond the west limb, as the most plausible, possible site for the cosmic ray flare on January 28, 1967. The location of this region is in accord with the source-position deduced in Lockwood's analysis (1968) of the cosmic ray event. This center of activity could not have been more than 5 days old on January 28, 1967. The interval of major activity in the region was confined primarily to the invisible hemisphere. The occurrence of an ‘isolated’ major flare in the region on February 13, 1967 is discussed. The present study exemplifies the partial nature of solar observations which are limited to the visible hemisphere. The possible role of exceptional geomagnetic calm, 1963–1967, in permitting atypical cosmic ray enhancements, as on January 28, 1967, is mentioned.
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 1969-02-01
    Print ISSN: 0038-0938
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-093X
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Springer
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1968-06-01
    Print ISSN: 0038-0938
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-093X
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Springer
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1970-08-01
    Print ISSN: 0038-0938
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-093X
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Springer
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