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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 94 (1991), S. 1785-1795 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The most complete sets of available dipolar and quadrupolar couplings obtained from the NMR spectra of methane and its deuterated analogs dissolved in two different liquid crystals are analyzed. The analyses are based on a generalized theory for the correlation between the vibration and rotation of partially oriented molecules, which retains the quadratic terms in the Taylor series describing the functional dependence of the orienting forces on the vibrational normal coordinates. These quadratic terms are essential for the cases where vibrational effects (e.g., isotope effects) on the molecular orientation are of importance. In both liquid crystals all the 17 couplings can be reproduced by three adjustable parameters which describe the forces acting on the CH or CD bonds. However, the resulting forces are unexpectedly strong, and physically more plausible solutions are obtained by allowing for an additional parameter Bdp+Bext. Bdp and Bext are contributions to quadrupolar couplings arising from direct perturbations of the molecular electron distribution and external electric field gradient due to the neighboring molecules, respectively. The values of Bdp+Bext corresponding to plausible solutions can be rationalized in terms of (1) orientation dependent direct perturbations of the order of 0.5% on the quadrupole coupling constant of the deuteron, or (2) an external field gradient produced by the quadrupole moments of the liquid crystal molecules surrounding a cylindrical cavity which encloses the methane molecule. Independent values of Bext, estimated previously by the quadrupolar couplings of the hydrogen molecule, are strikingly similar to the present values of Bdp+Bext. The results appear to be consistent with two different physical interpretations: the anisotropic forces experienced by the methane molecule may be dominated by (1) the van der Waals forces acting on its atoms, or (2) the interaction between its quadrupole moment and the external field gradient. The results also lend support to the assumption that the molecular distortions due to a liquid crystal environment are normally dominated by bond-bending deformations.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 97 (1992), S. 8977-8985 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A theoretical model for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) observables of noble gas atoms in nematic and smectic A liquid crystal environments is developed. It is used to account for the behavior of the nuclear shielding of 129Xe (σ) and the quadrupolar coupling of 21Ne (B) measured in 1-butyl-c-4-(4'-octylbiphenyl-4-yl)-r-1-cyclo-hexan-carbonitrile (NCB 84). The analysis provides detailed information on the orientational and positional order of the liquid crystal solvent and of the solute atoms. In the nematic phase, the decrease of σ with decreasing temperature is attributed to the increase of the density and orientational order parameter S of the solvent. The former factor determines the variation of the isotropic part of σ, while the latter governs the change in the anisotropic part (the anisotropy of the shielding tensor Δσ is of the order of −10 ppm). The prominent increase of σ in the smectic A phase is ascribed to the tendency of the atoms to occupy the interspaces between the smectic layers rather than their interiors (the deviation from the uniform distribution of the atoms is of the order of 5%). The main result is that the isotropic part of σ increases as the density of the solvent in the immediate neighborhood of the solute decreases. In the case of the quadrupolar coupling, the effect of the redistribution of the atoms is small, as there is no isotropic contribution to B. The behavior of the quadrupolar coupling of 21Ne in the nematic phase indicates that there are two distinct contributions to B. One is due to the distortion of the electron cloud from the spherical symmetry and the other arises directly from the external electric field gradient produced by the neighboring molecules. The temperature dependence of the latter contribution is not determined by the variation of S alone.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental and applied acarology 19 (1995), S. 411-422 
    ISSN: 1572-9702
    Keywords: Varroa ; bee parasite ; ultrastructure ; vitellogenesis ; oosorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Reproduction in Varroa jacobsoni occurs only in cells of the capped honey bee brood. Female mites were sampled at different times after cell sealing and ovaries containing a vitellogenic oocyte of the first gonocycle were examined under an electron microscope. It was found that the cytoplasmic connection between the lyrate organ and the oocyte persists far into the vitellogenic growth phase. In addition, a large amount of yolk material is taken up from the haemolymph. All ultrastructural features characteristic of vitellogenesis, such as microvilli, coated pits, vesicles and growing yolk platelets, are present. If more than four Varroa females live in an overcrowded brood cell, they appear to be in stress conditions and their vitellogenic oocytes may become atretic. Alterations typical for oocyte degradation and oosorption were observed in such situations.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of ornithology 126 (1985), S. 281-286 
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary On a male Blackbird (Turdus merula), heart rate during the bird's singing (subsong) was measured by means of radiotelemetry. As compared to its resting values (R-HR) heart rate (HR) increased by 33–72 % during 4 phases of singing. When singing was interrupted HR decreased again within 6–8 s down to values which were still about 15–20 % above R-HR. Though subsong was uttered in an apparently relaxed situation it seemed to be to a certain degree straining for the bird. Hence subsong should not be regarded as a behaviour pattern free of stress or function.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei einem Amsel- ♂ (Turdus merula) gelang es erstmals, während des Singens (Subsong) radiotelemetrisch die Herzfrequenz (HR) zu messen. Gegenüber der Ruhe-Herzfrequenz (R-HR) erhöhte sich die HR während 4 Gesangsphasen um 33–72 %. In den Gesangspausen und nach Beendigung des Singens fiel die HR innerhalb von 6–8 s auf Werte, die um 15–20 % über der Ruhe-HR lagen. Der aus entspannter Situation heraus erfolgende Subsong stellt eine physiologische Belastung für den Vogel dar, die seine Einstufung als unbeschwert oder gar funktionslos unwahrscheinlich macht.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of ornithology 133 (1992), S. 181-195 
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The heart rate (HR) of 4 male Blackbirds was monitored by means of radiotelemetry in subsong and full song phases of singing birds. Results were obtained under 3 experimental conditions: (1) caged birds in the presence of conspecific ♂ and ♀; (2) isolated caged birds in an anachoic chamber where playback experiments were conducted; (3) birds in an outdoor aviary. The singing of subsong could be related to 3 different types of HR curves: a) a marked acceleration combined with oscillations in longer cycles; b) a low and steady heart rate; c) a deceleration beginning abruptly with the onset of singing and ending abruptly when singing terminated. Strophes of full song were related to 4 kinds of HR curves: a) an acceleration; b) an abrupt deceleration; c) a steady HR on the level of the resting HR values; d) a biphasic course. The rather heterogeneous pattern of HR curves during singing suggests a hypothetic hierarchy related to motivation and function of certain song types. The low and steady curves express the lowest level, the decelerations a medium level and the accelerations the highest level of physiological strain or psychical tension. Strain and tension probably depend on the social context and the conditions in the birds' environment. The functions of the sounds may also differ and find expression in different modes of HR alterations.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Herzfrequenz (HF) von 4 Amsel-♂ wurde mit Hilfe radiotelemetrischer Techniken aufgezeichnet, während die Vögel Subsong oder Vollgesang äußerten. Die 3 Versuchsbedingungen waren: (1) Käfighaltung mit akustischem Kontakt zu anderen Amsel-♂ und ♀; (2) Isolierte Käfighaltung in einem reflexionsarmen Raum, in dem Tonbandvorspielexperimente mit den Amseln durchgeführt wurden; (3) Haltung in einer Freivoliere. Die Äußerung von Subsong konnte von 3 verschiedenen HF-Verläufen begleitet sein: a) einer mit langfristigen Schwankungen einhergehenden deutlichen Akzeleration; b) einem gleichmäßig ruhigen und niedrigen HF-Verlauf; c) einer Dezeleration, die mit Beginn des Gesangsabschnittes abrupt einsetzte und mit Beendigung des Singens ebenso abrupt wieder endete. Vollgesang-Strophen konnten von 4 verschiedenen HF-Verläufen begleitet sein: a) einer reinen Akzeleration; b) einer abrupten Dezeleration; c) einer gleichmäßig ruhigen HF auf dem Niveau der Ruhewerte; d) einem biphasischen Verlauf. In den unterschiedlichen HF-Kurventypen drücken sich möglicherweise unterschiedliche Grade der physischen und/oder psychischen Belastung der Amseln während des Singens aus. Niedrigste Belastung, d. h. eine entspannte Situation, wird angenommen, wenn die HF niedrig und gleichmäßig ist. Erhöhte Anspannung scheint zu bestehen, wenn Dezelerationen auftreten. Bei noch höherer Belastung wird der Gesang von HF-Erhöhungen begleitet. Der Grad der physischen und/oder psychischen Belastung des singenden Vogels hängt wohl mit dem sozialen Kontext und den Umgebungsbedingungen zusammen. Abhängig von dieser Belastung ist möglicherweise die Funktion der Lautäußerungen auch jedesmal eine andere.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Amblyomma variegatum ; Amblyomma hebraeum ; Acari ; aggregation-attachment pheromone ; host location ; o-nitrophenol ; methyl salicylate ; pheromone glands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The aggregation-attachment pheromone componentso-nitrophenol (ONP) and methyl salicylate (MS) in maleAmblyomma variegatum ticks appeared after three days of feeding on the host and reached high values after about six days. Variable quantities of 1.3–7.3 μg ONP and about 0.6 μg MS were present within ticks. ONP and MS were released at the high rates of 300–1800 ng/hr and 20–600 ng/hr per male tick, respectively. After a temporary decrease, males continued to emit at high rates after nearby attachment of females. InA. hebraeum, ONP showed a similar pattern, but with a delay of about a day. A male, which had fed during 14 days, contained about 2 μg and released 225–280 ng/hr. Emission in forcibly detached males of both species dropped rapidly to low levels of less than 10 ng/hr per tick. Host skin and tick feces in the vicinity of feeding males were pheromoneimpregnated. The very high emission rates are consistent with the observations that the pheromone is an important component of the host-location mechanism of conspecifics. ONP and MS are produced in the dermal glands type 2 associated with the ventrolateral cuticle.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Structural chemistry 2 (1991), S. 607-609 
    ISSN: 1572-9001
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Boophiline (1), a new sterol amide was isolated from the cattle tick Boophilus microplus (Ixodidae). The structure was assigned as N-[3-(sulfooxy)-25ξcholest-5-en-26-oyl]-L-isoleucine by detailed 2D NMR investigations in conjunction with FAB mass spectrometry and acidic hydrolyses. Complete assignment of the diastereotopic methylene protons of the ring system could be deduced from the NMR data. In agar dilution assays, 1 exhibited antifungal properties against Cladosporium cucumerinum and antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 18 (1986), S. 213-219 
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The heart rate (HR) of three male and five female European blackbirds (Turdus merula) was monitored by radiotelemetry under three conditions: in a dark cage, in a lighted cage, and in an outdoor aviary. In all three, the response to recorded bird song was tested. The resting HR in the cage ranged from 4.8 to 6.3 beats per second. The HR of all the birds changed in response to playback of conspecific song as well as of the songs of other species. In 68% of trials a typical biphasic HR curve was obtained, with acceleration followed by deceleration (Fig. 2). The time from stimulus onset to the second curve inflection (t iII) averaged 15–18 s; this was significantly longer for conspecific than for heterospecific song. The parameter t iII was used as a basic measure of the response. The reaction of the males was longer-lasting than that of the females. The possibility that this reflects the territorial role of the songs is discussed. Response durations were longest in the dark cage, and shortest in the aviary. The reason is thought to be the gradation in total stimulus input available to the bird. The results suggest that the HR response consists of an unspecific component (acceleration) plus a component specific to bird sounds (deceleration). At this fundamental level of stimulus processing it is possible to study reactions to single strophes not only in males, as with more traditional methods, but also in females and young birds.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 58 (1975), S. 2398-2402 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The NMR. spectrum of guanidinium ion 1 is studied in anisotropic liquid crystalline nematic solution. Assuming an HNH-angle of 120°, the distance ratio NH/NC = 0.784 is obtained, from which using NC = 1.330 Å (from X-ray data) NH = 1.043 Å results. An upper bound for the free energy of activation for bond rotation of ΔG+ ≤ 13 kcal/mol is deduced. The bondrotational mobility of 1 is also investigated using the MINDO/3-SCF-procedure. The results obtained for the three conceivable consecutive activation energies for bond-rotation indicate that the observed bond-rotational mobility of 1 does not involve cooperative two- or three-bond rotations. The ‘conjugative stabilization’ of 1 has been estimated to be of the order of 24-26 kcal/mol.
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