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  • 1
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    New York [u.a.] : Penguin Books
    Call number: IASS 12.0080
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: XII, 589 S. : Ill.
    ISBN: 9780143117001
    Note: Publ. in Penguin Books 2006. - This ed. with a new afterword publ. 2011
    Branch Library: RIFS Library
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  • 2
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Frankfurt/M. : Fischer
    Call number: PIK D 024-98-0127
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 492 S.
    ISBN: 3100139038
    Location: A 18 - must be ordered
    Branch Library: PIK Library
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  • 3
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    New York : Viking
    Call number: PIK D 024-05-0244
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: XI, 575 S , Ill., Kt
    ISBN: 0670033375
    Location: A 18 - must be ordered
    Branch Library: PIK Library
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 80 (1958), S. 2384-2386 
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 15 (1974), S. 277-318 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Relative permeability coefficients (P's) for Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, NH 4 + and Tl+ have been measured in gallbladders of several animal species. Small differences are observed among individual animals of the same species in theP values for a given ion. Individual variations inP values of different ions are closely correlated, permitting construction of so-called selectivity isotherms. Exposure to pH 4 reversibly shiftsP values along the same isotherms as those defined by individual variation. Changes in partial conductances with pH indicate that cation conductance is controlled by acidic sites with an apparent pK a value near 4.5, anion conductance by basic sites with an apparent pK a value below 3. Isotherms for rabbit gallbladder and bullfrog gallbladder are quite similar, and the small differences between them are probably attributable to a narrower permeation channel in rabbit in bullfrog. Permeability ratios for eight other epithelia with leaky “tight junctions” fall close to the isotherms for rabbit and bullfrog gallbladders. The observed isotherms, sequences, and pH-dependence of alkali cation permeability are strikingly consistent with Eisenman's interpretation that selectivity is controlled by site field strength. Variation inP Tl andP NH4 is also correlated with variation in site field strength. Comparison with isotherms or “selectivity fingerprints” for glass electrodes and macrocyclic carriers suggests that the permeation channel in gallbladder tight junctions is highly hydrated; and that sites in the gallbladder may possess net charge and may not be in a precisely regular spatial array.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 40 (1978), S. 315-342 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary We have used magnetic resonance spectroscopy, both ESR and13C spin relaxation, to measure translational and rotational mobilities and partition coefficients of small nitroxide solutes in dipalmitoyl lecithin liposomes. Above the bilayer transition temperature,T c, the bilayer interior is quite fluid, as determined from the solutes' rapid rotational and moderately rapid translational motion; the rotational and translational viscosities within the bilayer are η R 〈1cP and ητ=6−10cP, respectively. ητ and η R are independent of molecular size for all solutes studied, but all were small compared to the size of the phospholipids. ητ, and probably η R , are relatively independent of temperature aboveT c, but both increase very sharply as temperature is lowered belowT c; at 32°C, η R increases to 6cP and ητ is greater than 1000 cP. Anisotropy of rotational motion increases gradually as temperature is lowered toT c, and changes little belowT c; anisotropy of translational motion was not investigated.13C nuclear spin relaxation measurements indicate that translational motion of nitroxide solutes is more rapid in the center of the bilayer than near the polar interface. It takes at least 100 nsec for a solute molecule to cross the bilayer/water interface. We estimate a lower limit of 2 sec/cm for the interfacial resistance to solute diffusion; this result indicates that interfacial resistance dominates permeation across the membrane. The relative solubility, or partition coefficient, is a strong function of solute structure, and decreases abruptly on cooling through the transition temperature. From the partition coefficient and its temperature dependence we calculate the free energy, enthalpy, and entropy of partition. Effects of cholesterol on partition and diffusion coefficients are compatible with the interpretation that bilayers containing cholesterol consist of two phases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 1 (1969), S. 194-213 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The ability of the gall-bladder to transport water between identical bathing solutions depends on active NaCl transport, which is thought to maintain the salt concentration in the lateral intercellular spaces above bathing solution levels and thus to create a local osmotic gradient. The mean value of this gradient has been estimated by an electrical procedure, based on measuring the small diffusion potential resulting from this gradient and from the preferential cation permeability of the gall-bladder. The electrical potential difference (p.d.) in maximally transporting rabbit gall-bladders is 1.4 mV, mucosal-solution positive to serosal solution. This p. d. is reversibly abolished or greatly reduced by six procedures which abolish or greatly reduce fluid transport (low temperature, replacement of Cl− by SO 4 -- , replacement of Cl− and HCO 3 − by SO 4 -- , replacement of Na+ by choline, removal of HCO 3 − , and metabolic poisoning). The p. d. is increased by symmetrical partial replacement of NaCl by sucrose, which is expected to increase the salt concentration gradient between the lateral spaces and the bathing solutions. Since the transport mechanism of the gall-bladder is a neutral NaCl pump that cannot produce a p. d. directly, it is concluded that the observed p. d. is the expected diffusion potential. From this diffusion potential and from the measured value of a diffusion potential resulting from a known NaCl concentration gradient, the mean concentration of NaCl in the lateral spaces is calculated to be of the order of 10mm above the bathing solution value. Comparison of the external osmotic gradient required to stop water flow with the p. d. recorded under this condition of zero flow supports the validity of interpreting the p.d. in this fashion as a measure of the excess local salt concentration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 10 (1972), S. 93-135 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Reflection coefficients (σ's) have been determined for 13 to 36 non-electrolytes in goldfish gallbladder, bullfrog gallbladder, bullfrog intestine, and guineapig intestine. These results have been compared with the results of similar previous studies in rabbit gallbladder, bullfrog choroid plexus, and guinea-pig gallbladder to determine types of species variation, organ variation, and individual variation. Two principal types of variation were established: (1) Branched solutes are much less permeant than straight-chain analogues in gallbladders of all four species studied, whereas this effect is small in intestine and negligible in choroid plexus. This variation in degree of discrimination against branched solutes is attributed to variation in closeness of packing of membrane lipids. (2) In certain epithelia, small polar solutes are more permeant than expected from their bulk nonpolar-solvent/water partition coefficients and from their size. This feature is very marked in rabbit gallbladder, somewhat marked in guineapig gallbladder and intestine and in bullfrog choroid plexus, apparent mainly just for formamide (the smallest polar nonelectrolyte) in bullfrog intestine, and virtually absent in goldfish and bullfrog gallbladders. Analysis of individual variability in preparations of guinea-pig intestine and rabbit gallbladder from different animals shows covariation in σ's of small polar nonelectrolytes uncorrelated with variation in σ's of other solutes. Small polar solutes, in epithelia where their permeability is as expected from size and from nonpolar-solvent/water partition coefficients, resemble other solutes in having markedly temperature-dependent σ's (high apparent activation energies of permeation), but have nearly temperature-independent σ's (low activation energies, as for diffusion in aqueous solution) in epithelia where their permeability is enhanced. These findings suggest that additional size-restricted permeation pathways by-passing membrane lipid (“pores”) are present in some tissues and smaller or virtually absent in others.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 28 (1976), S. 1-40 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary By in vitro experiments on rabbit bladder, we reassessed the traditional view that mammalian urinary bladder lacks ion transport mechanisms. Since the ratio of actual-to-nominal membrane area in folded epithelia is variable and hard to estimate, we normalized membrane properties to apical membrane capacitance rather than to nominal area (probably 1 μF ∼ 1 cm2 actual area). A new mounting technique that virtually eliminates edge damage yielded resistances up to 78,000 ΩμF for rabbit bladder, and resistances for amphibian skin and bladder much higher than those usually reported. This technique made it possible to observe a transport-related conductance pathway, and a close correlation between transepithelial conductance (G) and short-circuit current (I sc) in these tight epithelia.G andI sc were increased by mucosal (Na+) [I sc∼0 when (Na+)∼0], aldosterone, serosal (HCO 3 − ) and high mucosal (H+); were decreased by amiloride, mucosal (Ca++), ouabain, metabolic inhibitors and serosal (H+); and were unaffected by (Cl−) and little affected by antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Physiological variation in the rabbits' dietary Na+ intake caused variations in bladderG andI sc similar to those caused by the expectedin vivo changes in aldosterone levels. The relation betweenG andI sc was the same whether defined by diet changes, natural variation among individual rabbits, or most of the above agents. A method was developed for separately resolving conductances of junctions, basolateral cell membrane, and apical cell membrane from thisG−I sc relation. Net Na+ flux equalledI sc. Net Cl− flux was zero on short circuit and equalled only 25% of net Na+ flux in open circuit. Bladder membrane fragments contained a Na+−K+-activated, ouabain-inhibited ATPase. The physiological significance of Na+ absorption against steep gradients in rabbit bladder may be to maintain kidney-generated ion gradients during bladder storage of urine, especially when the animal is Na+-depleted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 28 (1976), S. 41-70 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The mechanism of Na+ transport in rabbit urinary bladder has been studied by microelectrode techniques. Of the three layers of epithelium, the apical layer contains virtually all the transepithelial resistance. There is radial cell-to-cell coupling within this layer, but there is no detectable transverse coupling between layers. Cell coupling is apparently interrupted by intracellular injection of depolarizing current. The cell interiors are electrically negative to the bathing solutions, but the apical membrane of the apical layer depolarizes with increasingI sc. Voltage scanning detects no current sinks at the cell junctions or elsewhere. The voltage-divider ratio, α, (ratio of resistance of apical cell membrane,R a, to basolateral cell membrane,R b) decreases from 30 to 0.5 with increasingI sc, because of the transportrelated conductance pathway in the apical membrane. Changes in effective transepithelial capacitance withI sc are predicted and possibly observed. The transepithelial resistance,R t, has been resolved intoR a, Rb, and the junctional resistance,R j, by four different methods: cable analysis, resistance of uncoupled cells, measurements of pairs of (R t, α) values in the same bladder at different transport rates, and the relation betweenR t andI sc and between α andI sc.R j proves to be effectively infinite (nominally 300 kΩ μF) and independent ofI sc, andR a decreases from 154 to 4 kΩ μF with increasingI sc. In the resulting model of Na+ transport in “tight” epithelia, the apical membrane contains an amiloride-inhibited and Ca++-inhibited conductance pathway for Na+ entry; the basolateral membrane contains a Na+−K+-activated ATPase that extrudes Na+; intracellular (Na+) may exert negative feedback on apical membrane conductance; and aldosterone acts to stimulate Na+ entry at the apical membrane via the amiloride-sensitive pathway.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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