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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The development of in vitro biocompatibility tests for the evaluation of intraocular biomaterials (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 10 (1999), S. 621-627 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Recent developments in ocular implant technology require the in vitro evaluation of ocular compatibility in early stage development programs. This requires an understanding and appreciation of the biological interactions which occur in the ocular environment and their relevance with respect to the clinical complications associated with surgical implantation of devices. This paper describes the development of a series of clinically reflective in vitro assays for assessing the potential ocular compatibility of novel intraocular lens materials. Staphylococcus epidermidis attachment, fibrinogen adsorption, mouse embryo fibroblast 3T3 adhesion and proliferation, primary rabbit lens cell adhesion, human peripheral blood macrophage adhesion and granulocyte activation tests were employed to evaluate two widely used intraocular biomaterials poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and silicone, and a novel biomimetic phosphorylcholine-based coating (PC). The performance of these materials in the in vitro assays was compared to their ability to reduce postoperative inflammation in vivo in a rabbit model. The results demonstrated that the in vitro assays described here are predictive of in vivo ocular compatibility. These assays offer a more relevant means of assessing the ocular compatibility of biomaterials than those presently required by the authorities for regulatory approval of medical devices and implants. © 1999 Kluwer Academic Publishers
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008935707910
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adsorption of serum alpha-1-microglobulin onto biomaterials (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 9 (1998), S. 135-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The adsorption of alpha-1-microglobulin (alpha-1-m) from serum to the surface of polymers with different physicochemical properties was investigated. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed binding of this protein to the surface of polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and a polyurethane, Chronoflex, after water washing, but only trace levels could be detected on two polymethacrylate derivatives, polymethyl methacrylate and poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate). alpha-1-m was selectively desorbed from the five materials by sequential washes of serum-conditioned surfaces with isopropanol solutions at increasing concentrations. The presence of α-1-m in the washing supernatants was detected by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The relative binding strength of alpha-1-m to each surface was evaluated as the isopropanol (IsoPOH) concentration required to desorb the protein from that surface. Analysis of bound proteins by SDS-PAGE conclusively demonstrated the binding of a range of serum proteins, including alpha-1-m, to all polymer systems, but with varying binding strengths. The majority of protein was removed by water washing for the polymethacrylate polymers, while varying concentrations of IsoPOH were required to desorb proteins from PS, PVC and Chronoflex. There was a correlation between the hydrophobic nature of the material, determined by water contact angle measurements, and adsorption of alpha-1-m. Immunoblotting of isopropanol-eluted proteins by alpha-1-m antibodies showed the positive staining of a 29 kDa protein as well as selected bands within a molecular weight range of 40 200 kDa, suggesting the adsorption of this protein as both free and complexed forms. The ability of alpha-1-m to adsorb on to material surfaces and to participate in events relevant to the biocompatibility of a polymer, such as bacterial infection or inflammation control, suggests the need for further characterization of the properties of this protein. © 1998 Chapman & Hall
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008863518572
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An evaluation of the performance of ten commercial luminometers (1989)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence 3 (1989), S. 131-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 0884-3996
    Keywords: Luminometer ; evaluation ; rapid microbiology ; ATP assay ; firefly luciferase ; photometer ; radiometer ; comparison ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An assessment has been carried out of the relative performance of ten instruments for quantification of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by the firefly luciferase assay. The instruments evaluated were Amersham Amerlite Analyser, Dynatech Tube Luminometer, Dynatech Multiplate Luminometer, Dynatech Camera Luminometer, Hamilton Lumicon, LKB 1250 Luminometer, LKB 1251 Luminometer, Lumac Biocounter M2010A, Turner 20 TD Luminometer and a prototype version of the CLEAR Speed Tech 2000. An 800-fold difference in sensitivity was found between the most sensitive (Lumac, Turner) and the least sensitive (Dynatech Tube) of the conventional instruments. The Dynatech Camera Luminometer which worked on a completely different principle to the other instruments was about 5000 times less sensitive than the best of the photomultiplier tube instruments. The relative sensitivity of the instruments was maintained regardless of whether solutions of ATP in water or trichloroacetic acid extracts of bacteria were analysed. An analysis of 960 ATP bioluminescence assays showed that data obtained from such measurements are normally distributed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bio.1170030307
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In vivo bioluminescence: A cellular reporter for research and industry (1990)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence 5 (1990), S. 115-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 0884-3996
    Keywords: in vivo bioluminescence ; biocides ; virucides ; sub-lethal injury ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The detection of specific bacterial pathogens, indicator microorganisms and antimicrobial substances, and the recovery of microorganisms from sub-lethal injury, are all aspects of importance to industry which are currently being targeted using in vivo bioluminescence. In all instances, a key requirement for the application of bioluminescence is the establishment of a strict correlation between in vivo bioluminescence and cell viability, as determined by colony counting on agar plates. Comparative studies for biocides (phenol, chlorhexidine diacetate, phenol thioether), for a virucide (hypochlorite) and for cellular recovery of S. typhimurium from sub-lethal injury, all indicate that such a correlation is valid. Furthermore, real-time measurements of in vivo bioluminescence reveal a major population of bacterial cells that retain functional intracellular biochemistry, but are defective in their ability to replicate post of freeze injury.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bio.1170050207
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Possible role of α-1-microglobulin in mediating bacterial attachment to model surfaces (1998)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 40 (1998), S. 365-370 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: protein adsorption ; bacterial adhesion ; α-1-microglobulin ; Ps. aeruginosa ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Urine proteins in the molecular weight range of 9-137 kDa deposit to an equal extent from pooled human urine onto glass (12.7 ± 1.9 μg/cm) and polystyrene (11.8 ± 1.8 μg/cm). Selective desorption of the proteins was achieved by washing with water or water/isopropanol mixtures. Irrespective of the washing process, proteins of molecular weight greater than 90 kDa remained associated with both surfaces while water washings alone removed most low molecular weight material. A 29 kDa protein, α-1-microglobulin, was removed from glass by water washing but required a 30% (v/v) isopropanol wash to desorb from polystyrene, implying attachment via hydrophobic bonding. The adhesion to polystyrene surfaces of Pseudomonas aeruginosa B4, a clinical isolate from a urinary tract infection (UTI), was strongly associated with the presence of α-1-microglobulin, which may be acting as a mediator of bacterial adhesion. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 40, 365-370, 1998.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adhesion of bacteria to stainless steel and silver-coated orthopedic external fixation pins (1997)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 36 (1997), S. 325-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Bacterial adhesion to silver-coated orthopedic external fixation pins was compared with stainless steel controls in an in vitro study. Using five bacterial isolates from wound infections, the silver coating was found to reduce adhesion for Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and two strains of Staphylococcus aureus while the converse applied for Staphylococcus haemolyticus. When placed in human serum, both surfaces were conditioned to a similar extent with serum proteins; this conditioning lead to further reductions in bacterial adhesion, ultimately approaching similar levels for both stainless steel and silver-coated samples. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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