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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 47 (2002), S. 93-122 
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Environmental and hormonal regulators of diapause have been reasonably well defined, but our understanding of the molecular regulation of diapause remains in its infancy. Though many genes are shut down during diapause, others are specifically expressed at this time. Classes of diapause-upregulated genes can be distinguished based on their expression patterns: Some are upregulated throughout diapause, and others are expressed only in early diapause, late diapause, or intermittently throughout diapause. The termination of diapause is accompanied by a rapid decline in expression of the diapause-upregulated genes and, conversely, an elevation in expression of many genes that were downregulated during diapause. A comparison of insect diapause with other forms of dormancy in plants and animals suggests that upregulation of a subset of heat shock protein genes may be one feature common to different types of dormancies.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 252 (1974), S. 223-224 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Colonies of experimental flies originated from wild females, and diapause experiments were carried out within the first year of laboratory rearing. Larvae from single females were reared in separate packets of beef liver2. P. spilogaster, a species collected in Nairobi (1S), was examined most ...
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 266 (1975), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 247 (1974), S. 301-303 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] FIG. 1 Schematic representation of the structural organisation of the milk gland tubules in Glossina morsitans. Ultrastructural details were determined by fixation of the gland-fat body complex for 6 h in cold 5% glutaraldehyde buffered at pH 7.4 with 0.05 M sodium cacodylate buffer and ...
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 253 (1975), S. 347-348 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. was used in the experiments reported here. Females were transferred from mass culture to individual containers3 shortly before the first larviposition. Flies were offered a blood meal on rabbit ears 6 d a week and feeding records were kept for each fly. The ...
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Oecologia 35 (1978), S. 105-107 
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In a tropical environment near the equator in Nairobi, Kenya, flesh fly development is nearly continuous throughout the year with only a few individuals being channeled into pupal diapause during the coldest months. Two species reared in a field cage completed 7 generations/year. Generation time for nondiapause flies varied from 41 to 62 days.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Diapause ; Seasonality ; Tropics ; Sarcophagidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Unlike their temperate zone and tropical African relatives, flesh flies from the Neotropics lack the capacity for diapause. Yet, our trapping data reveal marked seasonality in flies from Panama, demonstrating that diapause is not essential for generating their seasonal patterns of abundance.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 76 (1995), S. 15-24 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: host recognition ; developmental arrest ; venom ; parasitoid development ; flesh fly
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The gregarious, ectoparasitoidNasonia vitripennis (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) was offered pupae representing seven fly species, but only members of two families (Sarcophagidae and Muscidae) were parasitized. Host acceptance as an oviposition site did not imply host suitability for parasitoid growth:N. vitripennis produced fewer progeny, a higher proportion of males, required a longer development time, and produced smaller adult wasps onMusca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae) than on the three sarcophagid species tested [Sarcophaga bullata Parker,S. crassipalpis Macquart, andPeckia abnormis (Enderlein) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae)]. The physiological and nutritional status of a preferred host,S. bullata, influenced oviposition behavior and development ofN. vitripennis. Progeny allocation and sex ratio, which were regulated by the female parasitoid during oviposition, differed on living and dead nondiapausing hosts and on diapausing pupae. Differences in the host's nutritional condition was reflected in changes of the wasp's development time and adult body size. Envenomation was essential for successful development of the parasitoid on nondiapausing hosts, but venom injection byN. vitripennis did not increase the suitability of diapausing or dead pupae. The results suggest that wasp development is enhanced by changes induced in the host by parasitism.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 5 (1992), S. 657-668 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: tsetse ; eclosion ; expansion ; hemocoelic pressure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The tsetse adult extricates itself from the puparium and surrounding substrate by a series of muscular contractions that generate a Stereotypic pattern of changes in hemolymph pressure. The digging action of the fly can be distinguished from a second pattern of hemocoelic pulsations that is used to remove obstacles from its path. When the fly is restrained extrication behavior will persist for over 10 h. If the adult's legs are freed while the remainder of the body remains encased in the puparium, the fly fails to engage in extrication behavior, a result which suggests that freedom of the legs switches off extrication behavior and permits the onset of expansion of the body to its final adult size and shape. Expansion behavior includes walking, grooming, pumping air into the gut, and contracting the abdominal muscles to generate rhythmic pulses of hemocoelic pressure. A barographic record of internal pressure changes reflects the dynamics of this morphogenetic process. Results from tsetse are compared with previous observations recorded in flesh flies.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 20 (1976), S. 31-38 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La reproduction autogène est très fréquente parmi les Sarcophagidae en Afrique tropicale. A la différence des espèces apparentées des régions tempérées celles des tropiques que nous avons étudiées peuvent mûrir les œufs d'une première ponte sans que la femelle adulte ait besoin d'un repas de protéine; en outre, cette maturation s'accomplit sans le long délai habituellement observé chez les autres espèces autogènes. Toutefois, la privation de protéine, réduit d'environ 1/3 le nombre d'œufs parvenant à maturité. Les Diptères des régions tropicales comme ceux des régions tempérées semblent disposer du même mécanisme endocrine qui contrôle la maturation des œufs. L'ablation des cellules neurosécrétrices médianes de la pars intercerebralis (MNC, dans le texte) empêche la maturation des œufs. La réimplantation de lots de ces mêmes cellules restaure l'aptitude à mûrir les œufs. L'alblation descorpora allata réduit à environ 70% le pourcentage des femelles qui murissent leurs œufs et celles-ci ont en outre une ponte très réduite. La différence significative entre les espèces tropicales et les espèces des régions tempérées repose sur les modalités de déclenchement et de mise en route du système neuro-endocrine. Pour les espèces tropicales, le cerveau est activé immédiatement et ne requiert pas l'intervention d'un repas de protéine.
    Notes: Abstract Autogeny is highly developed among the Sarcophagidae in tropical Africa. Unlike their temperate region relatives, the tropical species examined can mature the first batch of eggs without an adult protein meal, and they do so without the long period of delay usually seen in autogenous species. Protein deprivation, however, does reduce the number of eggs matured by about one-third. The tropical and temperate flies appear to share a common endocrine mechanism controlling egg maturation. Removal of the medial neurosecretory cells of the pars intercerebralis prevents egg maturation. Reimplantation of clusters of MNC restores the ability to mature eggs. Extirpation of the corpora allata reduces the percentage of females that mature eggs to about 70%, and the females that do mature eggs produce fewer eggs. The significant difference between the tropical and temperate species centers on the trigger that sets the neuroendocrine system into action. For the tropical species, the brain is activated immediately and does not require the trigger of a protein meal.
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