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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radical Vinyl Polymerization. Reactions of Benzoyl Peroxide during Bulk Polymerization of Styrene with Labeled Initiator (1977)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Macromolecules 10 (1977), S. 1075-1080 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5835
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma60059a035
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymer-Mischlösungsmittel-Systeme. 1. Mitt. Polystyrol in Aceton/Cyclohexan-Mischungen (1979)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 257 (1979), S. 672-672 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01548845
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on tributyl tin methacrylate II. Temperature dependence of the polymerization of tributyl tin methacrylate (1982)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 103 (1982), S. 77-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: In Fortsetzung der früheren Mitteilung berichten wir hier über eine detaillierte kinetische Analyse der Polymerisation von Tributylzinnmethacrylat, initiiert mit Azoisobutyronitril bei Temperaturen von 50-80°C. Es zeigte sich, daß sich der Initiator-exponent mit der Temperatur und Viskosität des Mediums ändert und bei 50°C einen niedrigen Wert von 0,40 erreicht. Dies wurde als Folge des Primärradikalabbruchs erklärt, der in diesem System von Bedeutung ist, besonders bei niedrigen Temperaturen. Die Fließaktivierungsenergie für dieses Monomere ergab sich zu ungefähr 4,2 kcal/mol, was beträchtlich höher als für Methylmethacrylat ist. Die Aktivierungsenergie für die Folgereaktion wurde nach dem Verfahren von Fischer und Schulz bestimmt, sie liegt bei 4,6 kcal/mol, was dem Wert von Methylmethacrylat vergleichbar ist. Die im Vergleich zu anderen Methacrylaten höhere Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit dieser Monomeren wurde auf die niedrigere Abbruchgeschwindigkeit infolge der sterischen Hinderung und des Viskositätseffektes zurückgeführt. Die Aktivierungsenergie zur Initiierung dieses Monomeren erscheint ziemlich hoch und ist vergleichbar mit den Werten, die für andere Vinylmonomere erhalten wurden.
    Notes: In continuation of the earlier communication, we report here a detailed kinetic analysis of the polymerization of tributyl tin methacrylate initiated by azobisisobutyronitrile at the temperature range of 50-80°C. The initiator exponents are found to vary with temperature and viscosity of the medium reaching a low value of 0.40 at 50°C. This has been explained as due to primary radical termination which is very important in this system particularly at low temperatures. Energy of activation of viscous flow for this monomer is found to be approximately 4.2 kcal/mol which is substantially higher than for methyl methacrylate. The energy of activation for propagation has been determined applying the procedure of Fischer and Schulz and is 4.6 kcal/mol which is quite comparable to that of methyl methacrylate. The faster rate of polymerization of this monomer compared to other methacrylates has been attributed to lower rate of termination because of steric hindrance and viscosity effects. The energy of activation for initiation in this monomer seems to be quite high and comparable to values obtained for other vinyl monomers.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1982.051030107
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on the polymerization of tributyl tin methacrylate (TBTM) I (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 80 (1979), S. 137-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zinnorganische Polymere bilden eine sehr wichtige Materialklasse, die sich besonders für die Herstellung von Unterwasserschutzanstrichfarben eignet. Über das Polymerisationsverhalten derartiger Monomeren ist jedoch nur wenig bekannt. Es wird ein vorläufiger Bericht über die Polymerisationskinetik von Tributylzinnmethacrylat mit AIBN bei 60°C gegeben. K2w/ka wird zu 3,8 bis 5,7 · 10-1 gefunden, je nach der Effektivität des Starters. Diese Werte liegen erheblich höher als beim entsprechenden Alkylmethacrylat. Die hohe Viskosität des Monomeren (≈ 2,026 cP) erklärt die hohen Werte nur teilweise. Die Polymerisation des Monomeren zeigt Abweichungen vom Idealverhalten: der Initiatorexponent ist für höhere Konzentrationen niedriger als 0,5. Die beobachtete Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit läßt sich aber durch Berücksichtigung eines Primärradikalabbruches sehr gut erklären. Der zugehörige charakteristische Quotient kprt/(kikw) hat die Größenordnung 104.
    Notes: Organo-tin polymers are a very important class of material, useful, particularly for making paints of high anti-fouling life for underwater structures. However, very little is known on the polymerisation behaviour of the respective monomers. In this communication, we present a preliminary report on the kinetics of polymerisation of tributyl tin methacrylate initiated by azo-bis-isobutyronitrile at 60°C. k2p/kt for this monomer is found to be in the range of 3.8 × 10-1 to 5.70 × 10-1 depending on the efficiency of initiation. This value is substantially higher than that of the corresponding alkyl methacrylate. The high viscosity of the monomer (≈2.026 cP) does not fully explain such a high value of k2p/kt. Polymerization of the monomer shows deviations from ideal behaviour in that the initiator exponent falls below 0.5 at high concentrations of initiator. It was found that the rate data could be very well explained on the basis of primary radical termination. The value of kprt/kikp, the characteristic constant of primary radical termination is found to be in the order of 104.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1979.050800110
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on tributyl tin methacrylate III. Copolymerisation (1983)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 112 (1983), S. 15-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Copolymerisation von Tributylzinnmethacrylat (TBTM) mit Methylmethacrylat (MMA), Styrol (ST) und Vinylacetat (VAC) bei 60°C wurde untersucht. TBTMMMA reagiert fast ideal, und das Produkt der Copolymerisationsparameter (r1r2) ist fast gleich eins. Das TBTM-ST-Paar copolymerisiert nicht azeotrop, wogegen TBTM-VAC azeotropes Verhalten bei etwa 80 mol-% TBTM zeigt.Gut getrocknet sind die Copolymeren amorphe Festkörper. Copolymere aus TBTM und VAC werden leicht hydrolysiert und werden unlöslich, sie können jedoch mit Tributylzinnoxid wieder löslich gemacht werden. Die IR-Spektren der Copolymeren wurden ebenfalls untersucht.
    Notes: Copolymerisation of tributyl tin methacrylate (TBTM) with methyl methacrylate (MMA), styrene (ST) and vinyl acetate (VAC) has been studied at 60°C. TBTM-MMA behaves almost ideally and the product of reactivity ratios (r1r2) is close to unity. The TBTM-ST pair is non-azeotropic throughout the concentration range whereas TBTM-VAC shows azeotropic behaviour at about 80 mol-% of TBTM.When properly dried, the copolymers are amorphous solids. Copolymers of TBTM and VAC are hydrolyzed easily and become insoluble but can be made soluble again by treatment with tributyl tin oxide. The IR spectra of the copolymers have also been analyzed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1983.051120102
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on tri-n-butyltin methacrylate (TBTM). IV. Antifouling compositions based on copolymers of tri-n-butyltin methacrylate and methyl methacrylate (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 34 (1987), S. 775-783 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Based on reactivity ratios reported earlier, a number of copolymers of methyl methacrylate and tri-n-butyltin methacrylate has been prepared. Release of tri-n-butyltin oxide into seawater from the copolymer films has been determined at 30°C as a function of time. The copolymers behave in a typical manner - an initial increase in leaching rate followed by a steady state which is reached after about 60 days. Pigmented copolymer films behave in a similar manner, even though the overall leaching rate is slightly lower. Release rate data are also presented for a typical antifouling paint formulation.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1987.070340228
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Grafting. III. Copolymerization of methyl methacrylate and methacrylic acid (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 39 (1990), S. 1681-1688 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The method of graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate on halogen-containing polymer has been utilized for grafting of methyl methacrylate-methacrylic acid monomer pair onto poly(vinyl chloride) and chlorinated rubber. Substantial grafting could be obtained by using the method reported earlier. However, the compositions of the grafted chains are found to deviate appreciably from the compositions calculated from r1 and r2 values reported in literature. The reactivity ratios for this pair of monomers have been therefore evaluated using azobisisobutyronitrile and n-butane thiol-dimethyl sulfoxide as initiators. The anomalies of the grafted chain compositions have been discussed and an explanation presented on preferential solvation.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1990.070390806
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Grafting. IV. Graft tercopolymers as antifouling resin (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 43 (1991), S. 1007-1010 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A graft tercopolymer CLR-g-(MMA-TBTMA) based on chlorinated rubber as the backbone and binary copolymer of methyl methacrylate and tributyltin methacrylate as grafted chains has been synthesized. This graft copolymer has been used for the formulation of controlled-release antifouling paints, and leaching rate behavior of toxin from such paints has been studied. The data have been compared with those obtained using controlled-release antifouling paint based on linear chain copolymer of methyl methacrylate and tributyltin methacrylate. The paint based on grafted copolymer is characterized by having a lower leaching rate and reduced time for attainment of steady-state leaching. Raft exposure studies indicate longer antifouling life compared to that of linear chain copolymer-based paint both having the same dry paint film thickness.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1991.070430519
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on semi-interpenetrating polymer networks from poly(vinyl chloride-co-vinyl acetate) and poly(butyl acrylate) (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 45 (1992), S. 2145-2151 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A series of semi-interpenetrating polymer networks (semi-IPN) based on linear poly(vinyl chloride-co-vinyl acetate) and cross-linked poly(butyl acrylate) were synthesized. The copolymer was swelled in butyl acrylate monomer containing azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator and tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate cross-linker and later polymerized in situ. Variation in composition of the IPN was achieved by varying the copolymer/monomer ratio. The semi-IPN was found to exhibit two distinct glass transitions as measured by differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis. The tan θ values were found to be dependent on the composition. The tensile strength was found to be higher for semi-IPNs containing a higher percentage of copolymer.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1992.070451210
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Unperturbed dimension of polymer molecules from viscosity measurements (1968)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 120 (1968), S. 49-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Es wird auf Grund der Theorie über die Durchflußgeschwindigkeit für viskose Flüssigkeiten ein Ausdruck für Φ (die FLORYkonstante) gegeben, wonach Φ von dem Lösungsmittel und demgelösten Polymeren sowie von der Temperatur abhängen soll. Die Variation von Phi;, [η] und k, wobei die beiden letzten fundamentale Größen in der Gleichung c/ηsp = l/η - kc sind, wurde zur Bestimmung der ungestörten Dimension der polymeren Moleküle in Lösung benutzt. Die Bedeutung von k und von entsprechenden Ausdrücken wird erörtert. Die Werte von \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$\[ \left( {{{\overline {\text{r}_\text{0}^\text{2} } } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\overline {\text{r}_\text{0}^\text{2} } } \text{M}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \text{M}}} \right)^{1/2} $\end{document} stimmen gut mit denen der Literature überein.
    Notes: Based on the theory of rate process for viscous flow, an expression for Φ (FLORY constant) has been given according to which Φ should depend on the polymer-solvent pair and temprature. The variation of Φ, [η], and k, the latter two being fundamental terms of the equation c/ηsp = l/η - kc, has been utilised for the determination of unperturbed dimension of polymer molecules in solution. The importance of k and the alternative expressions for the same are discussd. The values of \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$\[ \left( {{{\overline {\text{r}_\text{0}^\text{2} } } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\overline {\text{r}_\text{0}^\text{2} } } \text{M}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \text{M}}} \right)^{1/2} $\end{document} are found to be in good agreement with the literature values.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1968.021200106
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