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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of freeze-thaw events on mineralization of soil nitrogen (1992)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 14 (1992), S. 116-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Freezing and thawing of soils ; Nitrogen mineralization ; Microbial biomass ; Ninhydrin-reactive N
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In humid regions of the United States there is considerable interest in the use of late spring (April–June) soil NO 3 − concentrations to estimate fertilizer N requirements. However, little information is available on the environmental factors that influence soil NO 3 − concentrations in late winter/early spring. The influence of freeze-thaw treatments on N mineralization was studied on several central Iowa soils. The soils were subjected to temperatures of-20°C or 5°C for 1 week followed by 0–20 days of incubation at various temperatures. The release of soluble ninhydrin-reactive N, the N mineralization rate, and net N mineralization (mineral N flush) were observed. The freeze-thaw treatment resulted in a significant increase in the N mineralization rate and mineral N flush. The N mineralization rate in the freeze-thaw treated soils remained higher than in non-frozen soils for 3–6 days when thawed soils were incubated at 25°C and for up to 20 days in thawed soils incubated at 5°C. The freeze-thaw treatments resulted in a significant release of ninhydrin-reactive N. These values were closely correlated with the mineral N flush (r 2=0.84). The release of ninhydrin-reactive N was more closely correlated with biomass N (r 2=0.80) than total N (r 2=0.65). Our results suggest that freeze-thaw events in soil disrupt microbial tissues in a similar way to drying and re-wetting or chloroform fumigation. Thus the level of mineral N released was directly related to the soil microbial biomass. We conclude that net N mineralization following a spring thaw may provide a significant portion of the total NO 3 − present in the soil profile.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336260
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria in temperate cropping systems: Influence of nitrogen source (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 140-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Sustainable cropping ; Organic manures ; N2-fixing bacteria ; Azotobacter spp. ; Cyanobacteria ; Acetylene reduction assay ; ARA ; N fertilizer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Sustainable cropping systems rely on a minimum of external inputs. In these systems N is largely acquired in animal manures and leguminous green manures. Little is known of how these organic forms of N fertilizer influence the presence and activity of free-living N2-fixing bacteria. High concentrations of inorganic N in soil inhibit N2-fixation in cyanobacteria and Azotobacter spp. It is likely that manure and fertilizer applications would result in concentrations of inorganic N capable of inhibiting N2 fixation and, ultimately, the presence of these organisms. We investigated the effect of synthetic and organic N fertilizer sources on the populations and N2-fixation potential of free-living N2-fixing bacteria in the Farming Systems Trial at the Rodale Research Institute. Field plots received the following N treatments prior to corn (Zea mays L.) production: (1) Legume rotations and green manures supplying about 165 kg N ha–1; (2) beef cattle manure applied at a rate of 220 kg N ha–1 (plus 60 kg N ha–1 from 1994 hay plow-down); or (3) fertilizer N (urea and NH4NO3) applied at a rate of 145 kg N ha–1. Soil samples were collected at two depths from corn plots four times during the growing season, and analyzed for soil moisture, soil pH, numbers of N2-fixing cyanobacteria and Azotobacter spp., extractable NH4 + and NO3 –, and potentially mineralizable N. Soil samples collected in mid-July were analyzed for nitrogenase activity (by C2H2 reduction) and total C and N. Populations of Azotobacter spp. and cyanobacteria were influenced only slightly by treatment; however, cyanobacteria species composition was notably influenced by treatment. Nitrogenase activity in surface soils was greatest in legume-N plots and in subsurface plots levels were greatest in fertilizer-N plots. Populations and activity of free-living N-fixing bacteria appeared to be somewhat reduced in all plots as a result of low soil pH levels and high concentrations of inorganic N across all treatments. Annual applications of N to all plots resulted in high levels of potentially mineralizable N that in turn may have reduced non-symbiotic N2-fixation in all plots.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336054
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Band-applied elemental sulfur to enhance the phytoavailability of phosphorus in alkaline calcareous soils (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1989), S. 346-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Sulfur oxidation ; Acidification ; Alkaline soils ; Available P ; Thiobacillus thioparus ; Triticum aestivum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Applications of elemental sulfur (S°) increase the phytoavailability of P in alkaline high-Ca soils through the production of H2SO4 which is induced by microbial oxidation of S. Concentrated S bands, allowing “time release” acidity, may aid in maintaining the phytoavailability of both residual and fertilizer P. Greenhouse and field studies were therefore conducted to determine the effectiveness of band-applied S° for increasing the phytoavailability of residual and fertilizer P for spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and corn (Zea mays L.). We also used inoculation of S° with Thiobacillus thioparus to determine whether it is necessary or helpful in alkaline soils to initiate acidification. Treatments were inoculation, S°, S° + inoculation, triple superphosphate, triple superphosphate + S°, triple superphosphate + inoculation, and triple superphosphate + S° + inoculation applied to three alkaline soils: Typic Argiborolls, Borollic Calciorthids, and Ustollic Haplargids. P availability was determined by plant uptake of P, NaHCO3-extractable P, dry-matter yield, grain yield and grain-protein production, and on available-P index (NaHCO3-extractable P, post-harvest, + plant uptake of P). Application of S° with triple superphosphate gave a significantly higher available-P index than triple superphosphate alone on all three soils. Inoculation of S° with T. thioparus increased soil acidity; however, in some cases this treatment eliminated the beneficial effect of S°. Grain yields of wheat increased with S° applications at one of two field sites. These results suggest that applying S° with triple superphosphate may be an effective means of increasing soil P availability and the efficiency of superphosphate fertilizers on alkaline high-Ca soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257831
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria in temperate cropping systems: Influence of nitrogen source (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 140-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Sustainable cropping ; Organic manures ; N2-fixing bacteria ; Azotobacter spp. ; Cyanobacteria ; Acetylene reduction assay ; ARA ; N fertilizer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Sustainable cropping systems rely on a minimum of external inputs. In these systems N is largely acquired in animal manures and leguminous green manures. Little is known of how these organic forms of N fertilizer influence the presence and activity of free-living N2-fixing bacteria. High concentrations of inorganic N in soil inhibit N2-fixation in cyanobacteria and Azotobacter spp. It is likely that manure and fertilizer applications would result in concentrations of inorganic N capable of inhibiting N2 fixation and, ultimately, the presence of these organisms. We investigated the effect of synthetic and organic N fertilizer sources on the populations and N2-fixation potential of free-living N2-fixing bacteria in the Farming Systems Trial at the Rodale Research Institute. Field plots received the following N treatments prior to corn (Zea mays L.) production: (1) Legume rotations and green manures supplying about 165 kg N ha-1; (2) beef cattle manure applied at a rate of 220 kg N ha-1 (plus 60 kg N ha-1 from 1994 hay plow-down); or (3) fertilizer N (urea and NH4NO3) applied at a rate of 145 kg N ha-1. Soil samples were collected at two depths from corn plots four times during the growing season, and analyzed for soil moisture, soil pH, numbers of N2-fixing cyanobacteria and Azotobacter spp., extractable NH inf4 sup+ and NO inf3 sup- , and potentially mineralizable N. Soil samples collected in mid-July were analyzed for nitrogenase activity (by C2H2 reduction) and total C and N. Populations of Azotobacter spp. and cyanobacteria were influenced only slightly by treatment; however, cyanobacteria species composition was notably influenced by treatment. Nitrogenase activity in surface soils was greatest in legume-N plots and in subsurface plots levels were greatest in fertilizer-N plots. Populations and activity of free-living N-fixing bacteria appeared to be somewhat reduced in all plots as a result of low soil pH levels and high concentrations of inorganic N across all treatments. Annual applications of N to all plots resulted in high levels of potentially mineralizable N that in turn may have reduced non-symbiotic N2-fixation in all plots.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336054
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of Llamas, Horses, and Hikers on Soil Erosion from Established Recreation Trails in Western Montana, USA (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental management 22 (1998), S. 255-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: KEY WORDS: Recreational impacts; Sediment yield; Trail degradation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002679900101
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Glucose-induced nitrate assimilation in prairie and cultivated soils (1993)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 21 (1993), S. 167-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: amino acids ; assimilatory nitrate reductase ; immobilization ; N cycling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Native prairie and grassland soils are known to accumulate little inorganic N; however, N03 − is constantly being formed and re-immobilized. This suggests that microorganisms in prairie soils would be highly efficient in the assimilation of N03 − and would regularly have the assimilatory N03 − reductase (ANR) enzyme in an induced and active state. Aerated slurries and static systems prepared from prairie and cultivated soils amended with glucose and N03 − were observed for changes in N03 − concentration with time. Nitrate assimilation in the presence of glucose occurred more rapidly in cultivated than in prairie soils from the same soil map unit. Nitrate assimilation rates were not affected by inoculation of prairie soil with cultivated soil. It has been reported that the addition of glucose and NO3 − to soils results in increased peptidase activity and a release of free amino acids. Mixing, sieving, and slurrying of prairie soils followed by treatment with glucose and NO3 − may release free amino acids and other ANR inhibitors into the prairie soil slurries. Prairie soils had higher concentrations of soluble amino-N than cultivated soils with or without glucose and N03 − additions. Prairie soils also had greater concentrations of total Kjeldahl N and readily hydrolyzed amino acids than corresponding cultivated soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00001116
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  • 7
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    Influence of fire on native nitrogen-fixing plants and soil nitrogen status in ponderosa pine - Douglas-fir forests in western Montana (2000)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-02-15
    Description: Nitrogen fixing plants have been reported to play an important role in replacing N lost from soil in fire dominated ecosystems. Exclusion of fire from ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) - Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) forests of western Montana has lead to widespread changes in forest structure, composition, and function including a potential reduction in the occurrence of N-fixing plant species. We investigated the effect of fire exclusion and reintroduction of fire on the frequency, occurrence, and function of native N-fixing plant species at 11 paired burned and unburned sites in western Montana. These pairs had been either undisturbed since the early 1900s or had been repeatedly opened by logging and (or) fire over the last 80-100 years. Although the percent cover of N-fixing plants was low at all sites, the cover and frequency of N-fixing plants were significantly greater in sites exposed to fire than in the unburned sites and greater in repeatedly opened sites than in undisturbed sites. In contrast, levels of available N were significantly lower in burned sites compared with unburned sites and in repeatedly opened sites. Nitrogen-fixing plants may have played an important role in maintaining productivity in frequently burned ponderosa pine forests but now appear to be suppressed in fire-excluded forests.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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  • 8
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    Soluble Anthrone-Reactive Carbon in Soils: Effect of Carbon and Nitrogen Amendments (1993)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-09-01
    Print ISSN: 0361-5995
    Electronic ISSN: 1435-0661
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Wiley
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  • 9
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    Des Moines River Nitrate in Relation to Watershed Agricultural Practices: 1945 Versus 1980s (1993)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-04-01
    Print ISSN: 0047-2425
    Electronic ISSN: 1537-2537
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Wiley
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  • 10
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    Boreal forest soil carbon: distribution, function and modelling (2012)
    Oxford University Press
    In: Forestry
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-04-05
    Description: Increasing accumulation of CO 2 in the atmosphere has led to calls for terrestrial mechanisms for CO 2 abatement and given that soils represent the largest terrestrial body of C on Earth, there is a great deal of interest in soils as a sink for atmospheric C. This emphasis on sequestration in boreal forest soils is understandable given the sheer mass of this C reservoir (~1700 Pg of C) but diverts our attention from the importance of soil C in soil physical, chemical and biotic functions, and importantly, it ignores the possibility that soils may also represent a source of C. In this review, we address these issues through a discussion of the size and character of boreal forest soil C pool, its role in ecosystem function, the potential impacts of climate change on soil C, efforts to model these processes and the role of soil C in boreal resilience to the impacts of climate change. Soil C is fundamental to ecosystem function in terms of improving soil physical properties, increasing soil biotic activity and enhancing insulation all of which improve site productivity. Managing upland soils for C sequesteration will achieve little in terms of offsetting fossil fuel emissions but would likely improve soil quality. Most of the C stored in the boreal biome is found in permafrost and wetland soils and events related to climatic change could shift these soils from C sink to C source. Melting of permafrost soils with predicted warming trends within the circumpolar region could result in the release of 30–60 Pg C by the year 2040. Such predictions, however, are limited by uncertainty in both climatic changes and soil response to these changes. Prediction of shifts in soil C dynamics with climate change relies on our ability to link C transformations to N dynamics and climatic variables. Improvement in ecosystem models will advance our ability to assess the resilience of the boreal biome under future climatic conditions.
    Print ISSN: 0015-752X
    Electronic ISSN: 1464-3626
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Oxford University Press
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