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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Host–parasite ‘Red Queen’ dynamics archived in pond sediment (2007)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 450 (2007), S. 870-873 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Antagonistic interactions between hosts and parasites are a key structuring force in natural populations, driving coevolution. However, direct empirical evidence of long-term host–parasite coevolution, in particular ‘Red Queen’ dynamics—in which antagonistic biotic ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature06291
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Connectivity and cladoceran species richness in a metacommunity of shallow lakes (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Freshwater biology 48 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SUMMARY 1. The shallow ponds of the nature reserve ‘De Maten’ form a metacommunity, in which individual ponds are highly interconnected via a system of overflows and rivulets. This study reports on the relations between cladoceran species richness and (a) connectivity patterns and (b) local environmental variables.2. No relation was found between local species richness and three connectivity variables or dispersal pathways.3. Spatial configuration was related to richness, but was confounded by environmental variables for 2 of 3 years. In those 2 years, there was a significant linear relation between Secchi disc depth and species richness, suggesting an important impact of the clearwater/turbid state alternative equilibria in shallow lakes in determining cladoceran richness. Only in the year in which environmental variables were unimportant did connectivity between the ponds influence species richness.4. These results suggest that local environmental variables related to the clearwater/turbid state alternative equilibria in shallow lakes are important in determining cladoceran species richness. Connectivity and dispersal of individuals between the different ponds only act secondarily by increasing the general species richness within a pond through dispersal from ponds with different environmental conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.2003.01050.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence for local adaptation in neighbouring Daphnia populations: a laboratory transplant experiment (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Freshwater biology 46 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: 1. We tested whether two neighbouring Daphnia galeata populations (from Lake Blankaart and Fish Pond), separated only by 5 m of land and with the occasional exchange of water were genetically differentiated in allozyme markers and life history traits. Allozyme electrophoresis revealed that the populations differed in allelic as well as in genotypic composition. 
2. In a laboratory transplant experiment, in which animals of four clones of each of the populations were raised in the water of both ponds, survival in Blankaart water was high for both the Blankaart and Fish Pond clones, whereas survival in Fish Pond water was high for the Fish Pond clones, but low for the Blankaart clones. 
3. Fish Pond clones produced fewer neonates than Blankaart clones when cultured in Blankaart water. High egg mortality was observed for animals that were raised in Blankaart water, and this egg mortality was higher for Fish Pond clones than for Blankaart clones. 
4. Our results provide evidence for genetic differentiation between Daphnia populations inhabiting neighbouring water bodies and suggest local adaptation to environmental conditions other than direct predation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.2001.00632.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Age and size of European saltmarshes and the population genetic consequences for ground beetles (1998)
    Springer
    Oecologia 114 (1998), S. 503-513 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Ground beetles ; Biodiversity ; Genetic differentiation ; Habitat fragmentation ; Wing polymorphism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Enzyme and dispersal polymorphisms of the saltmarsh carabid beetles Pogonus chalceus and Dicheirotrichus gustavii were studied in European populations varying in size and in isolation in space and time. D. gustavii, a constantly fullwinged species, has a larger genetic diversity and a smaller genetic differentiation between populations than the wing-polymorphic P. chalceus. Clear relationships between population or site characteristics and genetic structure were not observed, except for the special position taken by some small populations in both species. The dispersal power of P. chalceus in small populations is larger than in large populations, suggesting that these populations are unstable and/or young. Small populations, however, do not always show a lower genetic diversity than large populations, as would be expected from genetic drift. Dispersal power in P. chalceus declines with increasing age of the saltmarsh, probably due to continuous emigration of winged individuals. Age and size of saltmarshes, although difficult to study independently, both appear to be important in determining the genetic structure of saltmarsh beetles. Maximum diversity in both parameters is therefore recommended as an optimal nature conservation strategy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050474
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preface; Cladocera: the Biology of Model Organism (1997)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 360 (1997), S. IX 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003253919937
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The relevance of size efficiency to biomanipulation theory: a field test under hypertrophic conditions (1997)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 360 (1997), S. 265-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Size Efficiency Hypothesis ; trophic cascade ; top-down control ; biomanipulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The superiority of large zooplankton in suppressingphytoplankton growth has often been inferred from theSize Efficiency Hypothesis (S.E.H.). The S.E.H. hasoriginally been formulated to account for thecompetitive superiority of large to small zooplanktonunder food limiting conditions. Extrapolation of itspredictions to the suppression of phytoplankton byzooplankton under high food availability, should bedone with care. In an attempt to assess the relevanceof the S.E.H. to biomanipulation theory inhypertrophic systems, a fish exclosure experiment wascarried out in which the efficiency of two differentlystructured zooplankton communities in reducingphytoplankton biomass was examined. By inoculatingpart of the enclosures with laboratory grownDaphnia magna, a community dominated by this largecladoceran species could be compared with a communitymainly consisting of Bosmina and smallerDaphnia species. After the exclusion of fish, therewas an exponential increase of total zooplanktonbiomass. Phytoplankton growth was efficientlysuppressed to equal levels in both treatments, thoughthere was a difference in timing: chlorophyll-a levelsin the enclosures inoculated with D. magnadropped one week earlier than in non-inoculatedenclosures. The time-lag was even more pronounced whenlarge phytoplankton was considered. In accordance withthe S.E.H., the time lags could be explained bydifferences in population growth potential as well asby differences in zooplankton grazing rates(indirectly measured as the minimal zooplanktonbiomass needed to suppress phytoplankton growth) andfood particle size range.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003175929208
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neutral markers, ecologically relevant traits, and the structure of genetic variation in Daphnia (1997)
    Springer
    Aquatic ecology 31 (1997), S. 79-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: cyclic parthenogenesis ; diel vertical migration ; genetic differentiation ; hybrids ; phenotypic plasticity ; zooplankton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Zooplankton, Daphnia in particular, are increasingly used as model organisms to investigate general evolutionary biological questions. I here discuss some recent insights into the patterns and processes determining genetic diversity within and genetic differentiation among natural populations of cyclically parthenogenetic Daphnia. I focus on three aspects: (1) the interplay of phenotypic plasticity and genetic polymorphism in explaining variability in ecologically relevant traits, (2) the patterns of genetic variation revealed by neutral markers and ecologically relevant traits, and (3) the evolutionary ecological importance of hybridization events in Daphnia. The need for studies on the evolutionary ecology of sexual reproduction and dispersal via ephippial eggs in Daphnia is stressed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009939301712
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  • 8
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    Ideas and perspectives: biogeochemistry - some key foci for the future (2021)
    European Geosciences Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Bianchi, T. S., Anand, M., Bauch, C. T., Canfield, D. E., De Meester, L., Fennel, K., Groffman, P. M., Pace, M. L., Saito, M., & Simpson, M. J. Ideas and perspectives: biogeochemistry - some key foci for the future. Biogeosciences, 18(10), (2021): 3005–3013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3005-2021.
    Description: Biogeochemistry has an important role to play in many environmental issues of current concern related to global change and air, water, and soil quality. However, reliable predictions and tangible implementation of solutions, offered by biogeochemistry, will need further integration of disciplines. Here, we refocus on how further developing and strengthening ties between biology, geology, chemistry, and social sciences will advance biogeochemistry through (1) better incorporation of mechanisms, including contemporary evolutionary adaptation, to predict changing biogeochemical cycles, and (2) implementing new and developing insights from social sciences to better understand how sustainable and equitable responses by society are achieved. The challenges for biogeochemists in the 21st century are formidable and will require both the capacity to respond fast to pressing issues (e.g., catastrophic weather events and pandemics) and intense collaboration with government officials, the public, and internationally funded programs. Keys to success will be the degree to which biogeochemistry can make biogeochemical knowledge more available to policy makers and educators about predicting future changes in the biosphere, on timescales from seasons to centuries, in response to climate change and other anthropogenic impacts. Biogeochemistry also has a place in facilitating sustainable and equitable responses by society.
    Description: TSB was supported in part by the Beverly Thompson Endowed Chair in Geological Sciences; MJS acknowledges support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council via a Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in Integrative Molecular Biogeochemistry.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 9
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    Evolutionary origins for ecological patterns in space (2020)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-08
    Description: Historically, many biologists assumed that evolution and ecology acted independently because evolution occurred over distances too great to influence most ecological patterns. Today, evidence indicates that evolution can operate over a range of spatial scales, including fine spatial scales. Thus, evolutionary divergence across space might frequently interact with the mechanisms that also determine spatial ecological patterns. Here, we synthesize insights from 500 eco-evolutionary studies and develop a predictive framework that seeks to understand whether and when evolution amplifies, dampens, or creates ecological patterns. We demonstrate that local adaptation can alter everything from spatial variation in population abundances to ecosystem properties. We uncover 14 mechanisms that can mediate the outcome of evolution on spatial ecological patterns. Sometimes, evolution amplifies environmental variation, especially when selection enhances resource uptake or patch selection. The local evolution of foundation or keystone species can create ecological patterns where none existed originally. However, most often, we find that evolution dampens existing environmental gradients, because local adaptation evens out fitness across environments and thus counteracts the variation in associated ecological patterns. Consequently, evolution generally smooths out the underlying heterogeneity in nature, making the world appear less ragged than it would be in the absence of evolution. We end by highlighting the future research needed to inform a fully integrated and predictive biology that accounts for eco-evolutionary interactions in both space and time.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 10
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    Regional neutrality evolves through local adaptive niche evolution (2019)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-01-16
    Description: Biodiversity in natural systems can be maintained either because niche differentiation among competitors facilitates stable coexistence or because equal fitness among neutral species allows for their long-term cooccurrence despite a slow drift toward extinction. Whereas the relative importance of these two ecological mechanisms has been well-studied in the absence of evolution, the role of local adaptive evolution in maintaining biological diversity through these processes is less clear. Here we study the contribution of local adaptive evolution to coexistence in a landscape of interconnected patches subject to disturbance. Under these conditions, early colonists to empty patches may adapt to local conditions sufficiently fast to prevent successful colonization by other preadapted species. Over the long term, the iteration of these local-scale priority effects results in niche convergence of species at the regional scale even though species tend to monopolize local patches. Thus, the dynamics evolve from stable coexistence through niche differentiation to neutral cooccurrence at the landscape level while still maintaining strong local niche segregation. Our results show that neutrality can emerge at the regional scale from local, niche-based adaptive evolution, potentially resolving why ecologists often observe neutral distribution patterns at the landscape level despite strong niche divergence among local communities.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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