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  • 1
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    Frontiers in Aquatic Physiology - grand challenge. (2010)
    In:  EPIC3Frontiers Physiology, 1, 6 p.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-16
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Endosymbiotic communities of two herbivorous labroid fishes,Odax cyanomelas andO. pullus (1991)
    Springer
    Marine biology 109 (1991), S. 223-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two herbivorous species of the temperate labroid fish family Odacidae were examined for the presence of gut endosymbionts.Odax cyanomelas (Richardson) from southern Australia andO. pullus Schneider from New Zealand both feed on macroalgae, yet appear to lack obvious morphological specializations for herbivory. Specimens ofO. cyanomelas andO. pullus were collected in 1989 from Sydney, Australia, and Leigh, New Zealand, respectively. Both species were found to harbour dense concentrations of prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbes in their lower intestines. The various cell types present were examined by light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Epifluorescence microscope counts were used to quantify the distribution and abundance of the microbiota along the gut ofO. cyanomelas. Major differences were observed in the composition of microbiota between the two species.O. cyanomelas contained spirilla, large rod-shaped bacteria, filamentous bacteria and two forms of trichomonad flagellates.O. pullus also harboured dense, large, rod-shaped bacterial populations, but lacked the other two large prokaryote categories found inO. cyanomelas, and contained diplomonad flagellates. The large rod-shaped bacteria found in both species resembled prokaryotes described from other herbivorous fish and termites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01319390
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Daily feeding rates in herbivorous labroid fishes (1993)
    Springer
    Marine biology 117 (1993), S. 205-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Estimates of daily feeding rates were obtained for two groups of herbivorous labroid fishes, one confined to cold water and the other to tropical reef environments. These were the family Odacidae, represented by Odax pullus from New Zealand waters, (Goat Island Bay: Latitude 36° South; on the northeastern coast of New Zealand) and the family Scaridae, represented by Scarus rivulatus, S. schlegeli and S. sordidus from the northern Great Barrier Reef (Lizard Island; a mid-shelf reef at 14° South latitude). Observations on the odacid were made in 1984 and in 1992, and on the scarids in 1984 and 1988. O. pullus displayed a diurnal feeding pattern in which the rates (expressed as bites min-1) are greatest early in the day. The mean combined feeding rate for three size groups (juveniles, subadults and adults) peaked (average of 2.9 bites) from 06.00 to 08.00 hrs and declined fourfold to a combined average of 0.7 bites min-1 by midday. The greatest mean feeding rate recorded was 3.7 bites min-1, with an overall mean of 1.8 bites min-1. For subadults and adults there were consistent trends in feeding, with subadults feeding at a greater rate than adults and both groups displaying a decline in feeding rate during the day. The change in feeding rate with time of day was statistically significant in both groups. The pattern for juvenile O. pullus was different from that in the two larger size groups in that juveniles did not show a uniform decline in feeding with time of day. For scarids, the daily feeding rate varied by site, but the pattern was similar for all species, characterised by initial low rates increasing to higher but variable levels by midday. The influence of both site of feeding and time of day on feeding rate was confirmed by analysis. The overall mean values for each species were 20.1 bites min-1 for S. rivulatus, 19.7 bites min-1 for S. schlegeli and 14.9 bites min-1 for S. sordidus. For scarids, the peak feeding rates varied from 19.3 to 32.8 bites min-1, with overall rates from 14.9 to 21.1 bites min-1. Estimates of activity and movement patterns during feeding were obtained for O. pullus. Distance moved per unit time was highly variable, 0.1 to 47.5 m min-1, with a mean of 8.5 m min-1 (SD=9.9). Trends in movement among sexes and size classes were obscured by the variable movement patterns of individual fishes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00345664
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of season, ontogeny and tide on the diet of the temperate marine herbivorous fish Odax pullus (Odacidae) (1993)
    Springer
    Marine biology 117 (1993), S. 213-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The diet of the temperate marine herbivorous fish Odax pullus (Pisces: Odacidae) was examined using gut-content analysis followed by principal-component analysis and analysis of variance. Fish were collected near Leigh, on the northeast coast of New Zealand, from February 1983 to September 1984. The data were categorised by size of fish, season, and state of tide. A major ontogenetic shift in diet was observed. Juveniles fed on animal material (crustaceans and gastropods), epiphytic rhodophytes, and some phaeophyte material. Adults fed almost exclusively on two phaeophyte taxa, the laminarian Ecklonia radiata and the fucoid Carpophyllum spp. Dietary selection was evident at the level of particular plant components; the diet of larger fish in spring samples was dominated by fucoid reproductive receptacles. There was no direct evidence of a tidal influence on diet composition of O. pullus, although the relative proportions of E. radiata and Carpophyllum spp. ingested by adult fish appeared to vary with tidal state. The volume of gut contents varied seasonally for all size classes, although the timing of peak annual food intake varied among size classes. Tidal state did not influence the volume of the gut contents. The ontogenetic and seasonal trends evident in the diet of O. pullus appeared to be related to a number of factors including relative gut length, gonad development, ontogenetic changes in feeding anatomy and seasonal changes in algal composition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00345665
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of herbivory in the closely-related marine fish genera Girella and Kyphosus (1997)
    Springer
    Marine biology 127 (1997), S. 579-586 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract   Specimens of the nominally herbivorous, closely-related, fish genera Girella and Kyphosus were collected from Australian waters in 1994 and 1995. The diet of three Girella species (G. cyanea, G. elevata, and G. tricuspidata) consisted mainly of chlorophytes and rhodophytes, with an animal component of␣15.9 ± 4.2% in G. tricuspidata. The diet of four species of Kyphosus (K. bigibbus, K. cinerascens, K. sydneyanus, and K. vaigiensis) included phaeophytes, chlorophytes and rhodophytes, and almost no animal material. Concentration of total short-chain fatty acids in the posterior intestine was 〈11.4 mM in the Girella spp. and 〉39.2 mM in the Kyphosus spp. These results suggest that microbial fermentation plays a role in algal digestion in Kyphosus spp., but not in Girella spp. Girellids and kyphosids appear to function quite differently as herbivores. Girellids should be considered as omnivores that complement readily-available energy from algae with protein from invertebrates. Kyphosids appear to be strict herbivores that can derive adequate nutrition from algae poor in easily assimilable energy, through microbial fermentation in the hindgut.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002270050048
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Occurrence and characteristics of unusual protistan symbionts from surgeonfishes (Acanthuridae) of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia (1989)
    Springer
    Marine biology 102 (1989), S. 403-412 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The occurrence of unusual symbiotic microorganisms was examined in the intestines of a range of fish from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. The fish taxa examined included 26 species of the family Acanthuridae, as well as representatives of phylogenetically related and herbivorous taxa. The microorganisms, referred to as protists, were only found in herbivorous and detritivorous members of the Acanthuridae. Protists were not found in planktivorous acanthurids, nor in any members of the families Kyphosidae, Pomacentridae, Scaridae, Zanclidae, Siganidae and Bleniidae we examined. In addition, protists were absent from the herbivorous acanthurids A. xanthopterus and A. nigricans. A range of protist forms, characterized by differences in size (8 to 417 μm), shape and mode of cell division (daughter-cell production and binary fission), was observed. The occurrence of these forms appeared to be correlated with host feedingecology. Large forms (〉100 μm) of the protists were only found in acanthurids which fed over hard-reef substrata. Smaller forms were found in sand-grazing and detritivorous species. One of the protist forms appears identical to protists previously reported from Red Sea acanthurids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00428493
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of dietary fatty acids on eicosanoid-generating capacity, fatty acid composition and chemotactic activity of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) leucocytes
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Lipids and Lipid Metabolism 1214 (1994), S. 253-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 0005-2760
    Keywords: (O. mykiss) ; (Rainbow trout) ; Arachidonic acid ; Chemotaxis ; Fatty acid metabolism ; Icosapentaenoic acid ; Leucocyte ; Leukotriene ; Lipoxin ; Lipoxygenase products
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005-2760(94)90071-X
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diet and endogenous carbohydrases in the temperate marine herbivorous fish Kyphosus sydneyanus (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 60 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Stomach content analysis showed that Kyphosus sydneyanus collected by spearing from coastal reefs near Leigh, north-east New Zealand, is herbivorous throughout its post-settlement life. All size classes collected consumed a wide range of macroalgae, predominantly the phaeophytes Carpophyllum maschalocarpum and Ecklonia radiata, and the rhodophytes Gigartina macrocarpa and Caulacanthus ustulatus. Multivariate analysis of variance and discriminant function analysis showed an ontogenetic diet shift, with gut contents dominated by rhodophytes and chlorophytes in juveniles and by phaeophytes in adults. No significant seasonal variation in diet was apparent for any size class. Amylase and amylopectinase activity was highest in the smaller size classes. Laminarinase activity was relatively low throughout all size classes, and did not correlate with the ontogenetic increase in phaeophyte consumption. The activity of endogenous enzymes hydrolysing starch broadly correlated with rhodophyte consumption in adult specimens of three other species of marine herbivorous fishes: Odax pullus, Girella tricuspidata and Parma alboscapularis; laminarin hydrolysis, however, was negatively correlated with phaeophyte consumption. Overall, the diet and enzyme results suggest that juvenile K. sydneyanus rely mainly on the endogenous digestion of rhodophytes and chlorophytes, while exogenous (microbial) digestion is used to digest the phaeophyte-dominated diet of adults.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2002.tb01714.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    VERTEBRATE HERBIVORES IN MARINE AND TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENTS: A Nutritional Ecology Perspective (1998)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 29 (1998), S. 375-403 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4162
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The study of digestive physiology provides a framework for analyzing food resources, feeding patterns, and evolutionary trends in vertebrate herbivores. Most of the research in this field, nutritional ecology, has been focused on terrestrial herbivores, especially mammals. By integrating physiological, demographic, and evolutionary approaches, the study of terrestrial herbivores has generated several important hypotheses, notably on factors determining body mass. Marine vertebrate herbivores are abundant and locally diverse, but with the exception of reptiles and mammals, we lack information on digestive physiology and processing of plant foods, the key element in terrestrial studies. This review provides a foundation for a nutritional ecology of marine vertebrate herbivores, especially teleost fish, by summarizing the available information on their digestive physiology and identifying research priorities in the field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.29.1.375
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Protection and commercial policy: Experiments with a general equilibrium econometric model (1979)
    Springer
    Empirical economics 4 (1979), S. 135-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper analyzes the incidence of commercial policy by simulating the effects of an import tariff in the context of a general equilibrium econometric model of the U.S. It is found that in the long run the tariff protection given to importables is mainly at the expense of exportables, rather than the nontraded goods sector. The simulations also provide the general equilibrium responses of a number of other variables to changes in commercial policy, which may be of interest from a policy perspective.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01763554
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