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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen (translated by E. Pascual) La mineralización de Filón Norte (Tharsis, Faja Pirítica Ibérica) es uno de los mayores sulfuros masivos del mundo, con más de 100 Mt millones de toneladas de reservas originales. La estructura actual de la mineralización está formada por un sistema complejo e imbricado de cabalgamientos de bajo ángulo buzantes al norte y de edad varisca. Hay tres unidades tectónicas mayores, cada una con sus propios rasgos litológicos e hidrotermales, separadas por potentes zonas de falla. Internamente se organizan en un sistema de tipo “duplex” buzante hacia la zona de raíz con las rocas más competentes formando “horses” rodeados por filonitas. La mineralización encaja en la Unidad Inferior y está formada por varias láminas apiladas de sulfuros masivos y pizarras en las que encaja una zona de “stockwork” sin zonación hidrotermal evidente. La Unidad Intermedia consiste en pizarras y basaltos (espilitas) con una ankeritización generalizada y cortadas por abundantes brechas hidrotermales. La Unidad Superior es la menos hidrotermalizada y está formada por dacitas silicificadas y un “sill” de diabasas. La reconstrucción tectónica sugiere que la secuencia está invertida y las rocas ígneas alteradas se localizaban orginariamente bajo los sulfuros masivos. Los isótopos de carbono, oxígeno y azufre de los sulfuros masivos y las otras rocas hidrotermales así como la asociación mineral y la evolución paragenética sugieren que la precipitación de los sulfuros en el fondo marino tuvo lugar a bajas temperaturas (〈≈150 °C) sin evidencias, al menos en las zonas observables, de un evento de alta temperatura rico en cobre. Una ebullición esporádica v profunda bajo el fondo marino es probablemente la responsable de la formación de las brechas hidrotermales y la gran amplitud del “stockwork”. Su enriquecimiento en Co y Au se interpreta como debido a la superposición de varios factores críticos que incluyen la relación con pizarras negras, la baja temperatura de formación y la ebullición de los fluidos hidrotermales. La potencia y configuración actual de la mineralización es debida al apilamien totectónico de una delgada y extensa lámina (2–4 km2) de sulfuros masivos. Esta se formó en relación con la exhalación difusa en el fondo marino de agua marina caliente equilibrada con las rocas infrayacentes. La precipitación de los sulfuros masivos tuvo lugar por efecto de un enfriamiento instantáneo, actividad bacteriogénica y deposición de partículas en una cuenca de características inusuales, restringida, somera y anóxica con poca entrada de material detrítico, con una importante actividad hidrotermal relacionada con una fracturación extensional sinsedimentaria. La resedimentación de los sulfuros es importante y da lugar a la mezcla de las facies proximales y distales. La deformación tectónica es muy heterogénea y está fundamentalmente canalizada a lo largo de las bandas de deformación dominadas por las filonitas. Por lo tanto, las texturas sedimentarias y diagenéticas están bien preservadas fuera de estas bandas de deformación. En los sulfuros masivos, la recristalización varisca es poco importante y sólo algunas de estas texturas tempranas han sido reemplazadas por otras de tipo tectónico o metamórfico. El stockwork está más deformado que los sulfuros masivos. La deformación ha tenido un efecto crítico sobre la morfología actual de la masa y la distribución de los minerales metálicos. Este depósito es un ejemplo típico de sulfuros masivos ricos en Zn laminares, anóxicos, de baja temperatura, encajados en pizarras y formados en cuencas extensionales ensiálicas.
    Notes: Abstract The Filón Norte orebody (Tharsis, Iberian Pyrite Belt) is one of the largest pyrite-rich massive sulphide deposits of the world. The present structure of the mineralization consists of an internally complex low-angle north-dipping thrust system of Variscan age. There are three major tectonic units separated by thick fault zones, each unit with its own lithologic and hydrothermal features. They are internally organized in a hinterland dipping duplex sequence with high-angle horses of competent rocks (igneous and detritic rocks and massive sulphides) bounded by phyllonites. The mineralization is within the Lower Unit and is composed of several stacked sheets of massive sulphides and shales hosting a stockwork zone with no obvious zonation. The Intermediate Unit is made up of pervasively ankeritized shales and basalts (spilites). Here, hydrothermal breccias are abundant. The Upper Unit is the less hydrothermally altered one and consists of silicified dacites and a diabase sill. The tectonic reconstruction suggests that the sequence is inverted and the altered igneous rocks were originally below the orebody. Carbon, oxygen and sulphur isotopes in the massive sulphides and hydrothermal rocks as well as the mineral assemblage and the paragenetic succession suggest that the sulphide precipitation in the sea floor took place at a low temperature (〈≈150 °C) without indication, at least in the exposed section, of a high-temperature copper-rich event. Sporadic deep subsea-floor boiling is probably responsible for the formation of hydrothermal breccias and the wide extension of the stockwork. Its Co-Au enrichment is interpreted as being related with the superposition of some critical factors, such as the relationship with black shales, the low temperature of formation and the boiling of hydrothermal fluids. The present configuration and thickness of the orebody is due to the tectonic stacking of a thin and extensive blanket (2–4 km2) of massive sulphides with low aspect ratio. They were formed by poorly focused venting of hot modified seawater equilibrated with underlying rocks into the seafloor. Massive sulphide precipitation took place by hydrothermal fluid quenching, bacteriogenic activity and particle settling in an unusual, restricted, euxinic and shallow basin (brine pool?) with a low detritic input but with important hydrothermal activity related to synsedimentary extensional faulting. Resedimentation of sulphides seems to be of major importance and responsible for the observed well-mixed proximal and distal facies. The tectonic deformation is largely heterogeneous and has been mostly channelled along the phyllonitic (tectonized shales) deformation bands. Thus, sedimentary and diagenetic textures are relatively well-preserved outside the deformation bands. In the massive sulphides, superimposed Variscan recrystallization is not very important and only some early textures are replaced by metamorphic/tectonic ones. The stockwork is much more deformed than the massive sulphides. The deformation has a critical effect on the present morphology of the orebody and the distribution of the ore minerals. This deposit is a typical example of the sheet-like, shale-hosted, anoxic, low temperature and Zn-rich massive sulphides developed in a ensialic extensional basin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy Section 39 (1983), S. 537-540 
    ISSN: 0584-8539
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Weed research 41 (2001), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Various aspects of the reproductive biology and dimorphism of achenes from the annual heterocarpic weed Leontodon longirrostris (Finch & PD Sell) Talavera were studied in the laboratory and field. The species is self-incompatible, pollinated by generalist insects and produces two different types of achene in the capitula: peripheral and central achenes. Peripheral achenes are heavier (1.63 mg) and exhibit virtually no pappus and short-range dispersal, whereas central achenes are lighter (0.45 mg), possess a well-developed pappus and are produced in greater numbers. The morphological differences between the two types of achene result in differences not only in dispersal, but also in germination, seedling vigour and the ability of seedlings to emerge from different achene burial depths. Central achenes germinate more rapidly and in higher proportions under a broad spectrum of conditions. On the other hand, germination in peripheral achenes is much more restricted, partly as a result of their thick pericarp; a high proportion of this type of achene does not germinate and remains in a dormant state on the ground, forming a temporary seedbank. Because of the increased size of the embryo, seedlings from peripheral achenes can emerge from greater depths and are initially more vigorous than those from central achenes. Central achenes represent a strategy that facilitates settling in new areas; peripheral achenes represent a strategy that ensures in situ persistence. These biological characteristics are advantageous for colonizing species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Molecular Structure 27 (1975), S. 49-53 
    ISSN: 0022-2860
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Keywords: Brittle ; ductile shear zone ; Variscan Fold Belt ; Central Iberian Zone ; Gold deposits
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The Villalcampo shear system is a regional dextral strike-slip fault zone that affects Late Variscan granites and their metamorphic country rocks over an area of about 150 km2. The detailed geometry of this subvertical north-west—south-east shear zone is outlined. The system forms an extensional fan to the northwest and extends to the south-east as a broad extensional duplex. Particular attention is focused on the distribution of fault rocks and associated veins in its north-west splay. A structural study of the shear bands (encompassing both geometric and kinematic criteria) and a microscopic study of the fault rocks has led to the interpretation of the system as a brittle—ductile shear zone. Calculations give a shear strain value of γ = 1.5 and a minimum displacement of s = 3700 m. The localization of gold mineralization in mylonite-filled subvertical extensional veins is a product of the formation of the Villalcampo shear system. The subvertical faults and veins underwent a process of cyclical sealing and reopening. As such they acted as valves controlled by fluid pressure regulating fluid—rock interactions and gold deposition. Conditions favouring these processes occur near the base of the seismogenic zone in the vicinity of the frictional—quasi-plastic transition at mid-greenschist metamorphic conditions (T = 350°C and 10–15 km depth).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2015-01-16
    Description: Zircon geochronology using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, combined with a new detailed geological map and a stratigraphic study of the Parautochthon at the eastern rim of the Morais Allochthonous Complex, has provided new insights into the evolution of the Iberian Variscan belt. The data confirmed that the Parautochthon is composed of two structural units. The higher and more deformed, called the Upper Parautochthon, consists of recumbently folded pre-Variscan low-grade metasediments deposited in the northern Gondwana passive margin during the opening of the Rheic Ocean. It represents the Variscan tectonic duplication of the NW Iberian autochthonous sedimentary sequence triggered by the advance of a stack of allochthonous units formed previously in an accretionary prism. Below this unit, the Lower Parautochthon is a less pervasively deformed tectonic slice including two lithostratigraphic units (Travanca and Vila Chã formations) composed of Culm-type synorogenic low-grade metasediments deposited in a tectonic trench located between the accretionary prism and a peripheral bulge, with detrital zircon age populations pointing to a Late Devonian–Early Carboniferous age. These sediments were subsequently detached from the Autochthon along mechanically weak Silurian carbonaceous slates. The provenance study on the detrital zircons implies that this basin was fed mainly from the active margin. Supplementary material: The complete U–Pb age results obtained by LA-ICP-MS analysis are available at http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18781 .
    Print ISSN: 0016-7649
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 7
  • 8
    Publication Date: 2010-09-01
    Print ISSN: 1386-1425
    Electronic ISSN: 1873-3557
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1999-08-01
    Print ISSN: 1386-1425
    Electronic ISSN: 1873-3557
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1983-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0584-8539
    Electronic ISSN: 1873-3824
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Published by Elsevier
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