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1

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STRUCTURE AND BIOGENESIS OF THE CELL WALLS OF GRASSES (1996)

Carpita, Nicholas C.

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 47 (1996), S. 445-476

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ISSN: 1040-2519

Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract The chemical structures of the primary cell walls of the grasses and their progenitors differ from those of all other flowering plant species. They vary in the complex glycans that interlace and cross-link the cellulose microfibrils to form a strong framework, in the nature of the gel matrix surrounding this framework, and in the types of aromatic substances and structural proteins that covalently cross-link the primary and secondary walls and lock cells into shape. This review focuses on the chemistry of the unique polysaccharides, aromatic substances, and proteins of the grasses and how these structural elements are synthesized and assembled into dynamic and functional cell walls. Despite wide differences in wall composition, the developmental physiology of grasses is similar to that of all flowering plants. Grass cells respond similarly to environmental cues and growth regulators, exhibit the same alterations in physical properties of the wall to allow cell growth, and possess similar patterns of wall biogenesis during the development of specific cell and tissue types. Possible unifying mechanisms of growth are suggested to explain how grasses perform the same wall functions as other plants but with different constituents and architecture.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.47.1.445

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Promotion of hypocotyl elongation in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) by indole-3-acetic acid (1982)

Carpita, Nicholas C. ; Tarmann, Kathleen M.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Physiologia plantarum 55 (1982), S. 0

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ISSN: 1399-3054

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology

Notes: Elongation of excised loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) hypocotyls was promoted by indole-3-acetic acid and the fungal metabolite, fusicoccin. Gibberellic acid, kinetin, zeatin, or zeatin-riboside were either without effect or promoted elongation only slightly. The most auxin-responsive tissue was just below the cotyledonary node, and elongation was confined to sections excised from the upper 2 cm of the hypocotyl. Indole-3-acetic acid induced elongation rates in the hypocotyl sections equal to those of intact hypocotyls when the sections were excised from young seedlings. Elongation rates decreased in intact hypocotyls before the excised tissues lost responsiveness to the auxin. Hypocotyl elongation in loblolly pine is discussed in relation to hypocotyl elongation in angiosperm species.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1982.tb02278.x

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3

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Growth physics and water relations of red-light-induced germination in lettuce seeds (1981)

Carpita, Nicholas C. ; Nabors, Murray W.

Springer

Planta 152 (1981), S. 131-136

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ISSN: 1432-2048

Keywords: Dormancy (seeds) ; Embryonic axis (growth) ; Germination (seeds) ; Gibberellin ; Lactuca ; Phytochrome

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Red light (R) and gibberellins (GA) each induce a water potential decrease in the axes of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) embryos resulting in germination of intact “seeds” (achenes) or an increase in growth of the axes of isolated embryos. The fruit coat and endosperm are a substantial barrier to the penetration of exogeneous GA. Isolated embryos take up 35 times as much [3H]GA1 as the embryos of intact seeds and respond to less than 1·10-10 M GA3 or GA4+7. We calculated that only 1·10-8 M of either GA3 or GA4+7 would result in 50% germination if the GA were able freely to penetrate the fruit coat. Exogenous GA3 or GA4+7, at concentrations insufficient to cause germination, result in an apparent synergistic promotion of germination when suboptimal R is applied. Yet suboptimal concentrations of exogenous GA3 or GA4+7 and suboptimal R result in only additive increases in the growth response in axes of isolated embryos. Dose-response curves demonstrate quantitative increases in the growth response of the isolated axes after R or GA treatments insufficient to induce germination in intact seeds, indicating that a threshold potential must be achieved by the embryonic axes before germination can occur.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00391184

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4

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Structural analysis of the cell walls regenerated by carrot protoplasts (1989)

Shea, Elaine M. ; Gibeaut, David M. ; Carpita, Nicholas C.

Springer

Planta 179 (1989), S. 293-308

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ISSN: 1432-2048

Keywords: Callose ; Cell culture (cell-wall regeneration) ; Cell wall (composition, regeneration) ; Daucus (cell-wall regeneration) ; Pectic substances ; Protoplast (wall formation)

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract A procedure was developed to isolate protoplasts rapidly from carrot (Daucus carota L. cv. Danvers) cells in liquid culture. High purity of cell-wall-degrading enzymes and ease of isolation each contributed to maintenance of viability and initiation of regeneration of the cell wall by a great majority of the protoplasts. We used this system to re-evaluate the chemical structure and physical properties of the incipient cell wall. Contrary to other reports, callose, a (1 → 3)β-d-glucan whose synthesis is associated with wounding, was not a component of the incipient wall of carrot protoplasts. Intentional wounding by rapid shaking or treatment with dimethyl sulfoxide initiated synthesis of callose, detected both by Aniline blue and Cellufluor fluorescence of dying cells and by an increase in (1 → 3)-linked glucan quantified in methylation analyses. Linkage analyses by gas-liquid chromatography of partially methylated alditol-acetate derivatives of polysaccharides of the incipient wall of protoplasts and various fractions of the cell walls of parent cells showed that protoplasts quickly initiated synthesis of the same pectic and hemicellulosic polymers as normal cells, but acid-resistant cellulose was formed slowly. Complete formation of the wall required 3 d in culture, and at least 5 d were required before the wall could withstand turgor. Pectic substances synthesized by protoplasts were less anionic than those of parent cells, and became more highly charged during wall regeneration. We propose that de-esterification of the carboxyl groups of pectin uronic-acid units permits formation of a gel that envelops the protoplast, and the rigid cellulose-hemicellulose frame-work forms along with this gel matrix.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00391074

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The influence of plant growth regulators on the growth of the embryonic axes of red- and far-red-treated lettuce seeds (1979)

Carpita, Nicholas C. ; Ross, Cleon W. ; Nabors, Murray W.

Springer

Planta 145 (1979), S. 511-516

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ISSN: 1432-2048

Keywords: Abscisic acid ; Cytokinins ; Dormancy (seeds) ; Germination (seeds) ; Gibberellins ; Growth (embryonic axes) ; Lactuca ; Phytochrome and seed germination

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract The influence of several plant growth regulators on the growth of the embryonic axes from red- and far-red-(R- and FR-)treated lettuce (Lactuca sativa L., cv. Grand Rapids) seeds was examined; as shown previously, the water potential of the axes from R-treated seeds has been lowered by 3.5–5.6 bars compared to that in axes from FR-treated ones. Kinetin and abscisic acid (ABA), when included in the incubation medium, reduced the elongation of the axes whereas fusicoccin stimulated it; however, these effects were the same in axes of both R- and FR-treated seeds. In contrast, elongation of axes from FR-treated seeds was stimulated by gibberellic acid (GA3, but elongation of axes from R-treated ones was not affected by this hormone. This latter result indicates that gibberellins may be involved in the phytochrome-mediated growth responses in lettuce axes. When the root caps of the embryos were removed prior to light treatment, R was still able to induce a water-potential decrease in the embryonic axes, indicating that at least a portion of the active Pfr resides in the axis and not the root cap.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00380107

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The growth physics and water relations of red-light-induced germination in lettuce seeds (1979)

Carpita, Nicholas C. ; Nabors, Murray W. ; Ross, Cleon W. ; [et al.]

Springer

Planta 144 (1979), S. 217-224

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ISSN: 1432-2048

Keywords: Dormancy (seeds) ; Germination (seeds) ; Lactuca ; Osmotic potential ; Pressure potential ; Water relations in seed germination ; Phytochrome and seed germination

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Irradiation of Grand Rapids lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seeds with red light (R) results in an increase in the growth response in the embryonic axes which enables them to overcome the mechanical restriction of the endosperm or the osmotic restriction of an external solution. When the growth rates of axes from R-and far-red(FR)-treated seeds are equalized with polyethylene-glycol-4000 solutions, a water potential difference of 3.4 bars between the axes is obtained. Measurements of the osmotic potential indicate a 1.0–2.0-bar difference between the treatments, depending upon incubation time. Although the difference in water potential remained constant during the growth of the axes, the osmotic constituents of the axes of R-treated seeds were diluted to a greater extent than those of the axes of FR-treated seeds. The length-to-volume ratio of the growing axes of R-treated seeds increased at a greater rate than that of the axes of FR-treated seeds. These data indicate that changes in the cell-wall properties may account for the remainder of the observed water potential difference. We propose that the phytochrome-mediated growth increase in these embryonic axes is an integrated function of the cells: increased wall loosening may be inextricably linked to simultaneous increases in the osmotic constitutents. The driving force for growth may not involve solely a change in the osmotic potential or the pressure potential, with passive readjustment of the other parameter, but the activation of a cellular component that links changes in the wall properties with the accumulation of osmotic constituents.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00388762

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The growth physics and water relations of red-light-induced germination in lettuce seeds (1979)

Carpita, Nicholas C. ; Nabors, Murray W. ; Ross, Cleon W. ; [et al.]

Springer

Planta 144 (1979), S. 225-233

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ISSN: 1432-2048

Keywords: Dormancy (seeds) ; Germination (seeds) ; Lactuca ; Osmotic potential ; Pressure potential ; Water relations in seed germination ; Phytochrome and seed germination

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Using lettuce (Lactuca sativa L., cv. Grand Rapids) embryos in osmotica, we have demonstrated that when the growth rates of the embryonic axes of seeds treated with red (R) or far-red (FR) light are equalized, the axes of R-treated seeds develop a 3.4-bar decrease in water potential (paper No. III). As axial growth begins, reserve protein and phytin decrease rapidly, concomitant with increases in reducing sugars, α-amino nitrogen, and inorganic and esterified soluble phosphates. However, no differences between the axes of R-and FR-treated seeds are found with respect to the changes in these compounds, indicating that these changes arise as a result of growth and are not under immediate phytochrome control. Little change in the total lipid content is found in either treatment. The axes of FR-treated seeds hydrolyze endogenous sucrose at a greater rate thant those of R-treated seeds. Axes of R-treated seeds accumulate K+ and Na+ to a greater extent than those of FR-treated seeds. When potassium salts are added to the incubation medium, R induces increased K+ uptake by the axis and greater medium acidification by the axis. Malate and other organic acids and acidic amino acids increase at equal rates in both treatments, indicating that inorganic anions may also be taken up to balance the ionic charges. The results are compatible with the assumption that changes in the osmotic and pressure potentials of the embryonic axes of R-treated seeds are the result of a phytochrome-stimulated proton pump which, in whole dormant seeds, would initiate water-potential changes allowing the embryos to overcome the mechanical restraint of the surrounding seed layers, resulting in germination.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00388763

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