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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    INSECT BIODEMOGRAPHY (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 46 (2001), S. 79-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Biodemography is an emerging subdiscipline of classical demography that brings life table techniques, mortality models, experimental systems, and comparative methods to bear on questions concerned with the fundamental determinants of mortality, longevity, aging, and life span. It is important to entomology because it provides a secure and comprehensive actuarial foundation for life table and mortality analysis, it suggests new possibilities for the use of model insect systems in the study of aging and mortality dynamics, and it integrates an interdisciplinary perspective on demographic concepts and actuarial techniques into the entomological literature. This paper describes the major life table formulae and mortality models used to analyze the actuarial properties of insects; summarizes the literature on adult insect life span, including a discussion of basic concepts; identifies the major correlates of extended longevity; and suggests new ideas for using demographic concepts in both basic and applied entomology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.46.1.79
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The multiple decrement life table: a unifying framework for cause-of-death analysis in ecology (1989)
    Springer
    Oecologia 78 (1989), S. 131-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Multiple decrement life table ; Risk analysis ; Demography ; Cause of death
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The multiple decrement life table is used widely in the human actuarial literature and provides statistical expressions for mortality in three different forms: i) the life table from all causes-of-death combined; ii) the life table disaggregated into selected cause-of-death categories; and iii) the life table with particular causes and combinations of causes eliminated. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the multiple decrement life table to the ecological literature by applying the methods to published death-by-cause information on Rhagoletis pomonella. Interrelations between the current approach and conventional tools used in basic and applied ecology are discussed including the conventional life table, Key Factor Analysis and Abbott's Correction used in toxicological bioassay.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00377208
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Altitudinal variation for senescence in Melanoplus grasshoppers (1997)
    Springer
    Oecologia 111 (1997), S. 357-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Senescence ; Mortality ; Altitudinal variation ; Body size ; Melanoplus sanguinipes/devastator
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We describe differences in senescence among populations of grasshoppers that occur along an altitudinal gradient in the Sierra Nevada, California. Experimental males from five populations of the Melanoplus sanguinipes/devastator sibling species complex were reared in each of two thermal culture conditions from eggs of field-caught females. In both culture conditions, we measured the survival of adult cohorts from each population. Differences in the physiological capacity to survive in a sheltered, common environment reveal genetic differences in underlying rates of senescence, providing maternal effects do not affect the rate of aging in offspring. At each temperature, mortality rates increased as a function of age, which indicates that senescence occurs under laboratory conditions. Within each culture condition, cohorts originating from low-elevation populations had greater survival than did cohorts from high elevations. Variation in body size along the altitudinal gradient did not account for the differences in survival. We suggest that high-elevation populations have evolved accelerated senescence as a direct or an indirect result of selection on reproductive schedules, which are potentially truncated by severe winter conditions at the elevated sites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050246
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ambulatory dispersal and life history response to food deprivation in twospotted spider mites (1990)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 56 (1990), S. 139-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Twospotted spider mite ; Tetranychus urticae ; demography ; disperal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Tetranychus urticae Koch est caractérisé par son aptitude à la dispersion sur différents hôtes. Nous examinons 2 aspects de celle-ci: 1) aptitude à la dispersion à faible distance en rampant; 2) effet de la perte de contact avec l'hôte (par suite de la dispersion) sur la survie et la fécondité. En ce qui concerne la dispersion à faible distance, la mesure a porté sur l'aptitude de chaque stade à parcourir différentes distances jusqu'à 480 cm. De plus, pour les femelles la mesure a concerné seulement la dispersion verticale jusqu'à 240 cm. L'efficacité de la dispersion était plus élevée sur les faibles distances; l'aptitude à la dispersion était liée au stade, les adultes étant meilleurs que les larves. Les effets de la privation de nourriture ont été en particulier: a) que les acariens sont capables de survivre 2 jours à 24 °C sans aliments avant que longévité et fécondité ne diminuent; b que des acariens privés d'aliments pendant 3 jours à 24 ou 30 °C ont présenté une mortalité très élevée. Aucun acarien ne survécut à 3 jours de jeûne à 30 °C; c) La température pendant le jeûne a déterminé le temps pendant lequel les acariens ont pu supporter le jeûne.
    Notes: Abstract A major life history characteristic of the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is the ability to disperse between different hosts. This may be done by aerial or ambulatory means. Although there have been a number of studies dealing with mite dispersal, most have been qualitative in nature and examine only the overall process. In this study we measure the ambulatory dispersal capabilities of twospotted spider mite adult females and males, as well as that of deutonymphs, protonymphs and larvae at distances up to 480 cm. Additionally, for adult females only vertical (upwards and downwards) distances of up to 240 cm were measured. We also measured the influence of food deprivation on spider mite longevity and fecundity by depriving mites of food for one, two or three days immediately after ecdysis at 24 or 30 °C, or food deprivation for one, two or three days (at 24 °C) after feeding as adults for five days. Dispersal efficiency, defined as the percentage of individuals successfully crossing the test distance, generally increased with time and decreased with distance. As expected, dispersal efficiency was shown to be related to stage, with adults the most efficient and larvae the least. Food deprivation studies revealed that at 24 °C mites were capable of withstanding two days without food before longevity and fecundity began to decrease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00163456
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Demographic analysis of mite populations: extensions of stable theory (1988)
    Springer
    Experimental and applied acarology 4 (1988), S. 191-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9702
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mites have simple life styles and overlapping generations, thus analysis of their populations using stable theory (Lotka's equation) is particularly appropriate. While use of this demographic framework is widespread among mite researchers, the specific context in which it is applied is typically restricted to the conventional life table and associated parameters. In this paper we extend the use of the basic principles of stable population theory in mite populations to include: (i) expectation of future life expectancy and reproduction; (ii) effect of developmental time on population growth rate; (iii) sensitivity analysis of a two-sex model; (iv) distribution of biomass and productivity in stable mite populations; (v) demographic theory of kinship as applied to mites; and (vi) mite mass-rearing. Implications of each are briefly discussed in the context of mite ecology and management.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01196186
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of age at first mating on primary sex-ratio of the two-spotted spider mite (1990)
    Springer
    Experimental and applied acarology 9 (1990), S. 169-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9702
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This paper determines the influence of initial age at mating on the primary sex-ratio of the two-spotted spider miteTetranychus urticae Koch. The specific question asked is whether females that mate at ages beyond ecdysis, or are inseminated at ecdysis by virgin males of set ages, have daughter productions different from control females mated at ecdysis by randomly aged males. Age of initial female mating did not effect survival. Females mated at ecdysis produced more daughters than those mated at age 5 or 10 days. However, daughter production was equal for all female treatments in the post-mating period. All treatments stopped producing daughters at approximately the same age, regardless of when mated. Son production was lowest for females mated at ecdysis. However, son production by females mated when 5 or 10 days old was lower than that of females mated at ecdysis. Male age at mating did not effect female survival. Females exposed to virgin males either 1 or 7 days old produced more daughters than those exposed to males either 11 or 20 days of age. However, a substantial proportion of females in these latter cohorts were not mated. If only mated females are considered, daughter production is the same between all cohorts. Delayed age at first mating influenced sex-ratio only via the females, specifically by changes in daughter production (as opposed to changes in survivorship). Daughters that would have been produced between ecdysis and mating were never recovered by females that mated at ages beyond ecdysis. Thus, these daughters were ‘lost’ from a sex-ratio viewpoint. Initial age of male mating did not change sex-ratio.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01193426
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Demographic examination of sex ratio in the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (1986)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 41 (1986), S. 147-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Tetranychus urticae ; two-spotted spider mite ; life tables ; sex ratio ; demography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le taux sexuel des acariens tétranychidés arrhénotoques est défini comme le rapport de la somme des nombres de mâles sur la somme des nombres de femelles pour chaque âge de la distribution en âges. Comme le taux sexuel primaire dépend de l'âge de la femelle et comme la proportion de femelles d'un âge donné dans la population est influencée par le taux d'accroissement, alors le rapport mâle/femelle spécifique d'un âge déterminé et le rapport global mâle/femelle dépendent du taux d'accroissement. Nous avons cherché à exprimer cette dépendance et à la comparer aux résultats expérimentaux pour Tetranychus urticae. Ces résultats signifient qu'il n'y a pas de taux sexuel caractéristique de Tétranyques par suite des variations du taux d'accroissement suivant les populations.
    Notes: Abstract Primary sex ratio of arrhenotokous tetranychid mites depends on the age-specific schedule of ratios of progeny produced by individual females. Since primary sex ratio is conditional upon female age and since the proportion of females of a given age in a population is influenced by the rate of increase, both the agespecific ratio of males to females and the overall ratio of males to females depends on the rate of increase. We given an expression for this dependence and compare it to experimental results for the two-spotted spiter mite. These results imply that there is no ‘standard’ sex ratio of spider mites because of interpopulation variation in rates of increase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00195570
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative demography of a laboratory and a wild strain of the oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 44 (1987), S. 263-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: oriental fruit fly ; Dacus dorsalis ; demography ; life tables ; host studies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Pour deux souches, l'une sauvage, l'autre de laboratoire, de D. dorsalis de Hawaï, les mesures ont porté sur la durée de développement et le taux de survie, les paramètres caractéristiques de la population ont été traités sur ordinateur. Pour les souches sauvage et de laboratoire, les fécondités brutes ont été respectivement de 241 et 1551 oeufs par femelle. Les durées de développement larvaire et nymphal ont été de même de 27 jours pour la souche sauvage et de 24 j pour celle de laboratoire; les périodes de latence avant la ponte ont été de 19 j pour la souche sauvage contre 9 j pour celle de laboratoire. Jamais de telles différences de fécondités et de durées de développement entre souches sauvages et de laboratoire n'avaient été observées lors des études récentes sur des téphritidae. Ces résultats suggèrent que la sélection subie par la souche de laboratoire de D. dorsalis été plus intense que celles subies par d'autres espèces.
    Notes: Abstract Host-specific development and survival rates were measured and population parameters computed for both a wild and a laboratory strain of the oriental fruit fly (Dacus dorsalis Hendel) in Hawaii. Gross fecundities of the wild and laboratory strains were 241 and 1551 eggs per female, respectively. Egg to eclosion developmental rates were 27 days for the wild strain and 24 days for the laboratory strain. The preovipositional period of the wild strain was 19 days compared to 9 days in the laboratory strain. Differences of this magnitude in fecundity and developmental rates between laboratory and wild strains have not been observed in other recent demographic studies of tephritids. The results suggest that the laboratory strain of the oriental fruit fly may have undergone more intense selection than laboratory strains of the other species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00369188
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Demographic analysis of insect reproductive levels, patterns and heterogeneity: case study of laboratory strains of three Hawaiian tephritids (1988)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 46 (1988), S. 85-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Mediterranean fruit fly ; Ceratitis capitata ; oriental fruitfly ; Dacus dorsalis ; melon fly ; Dacus cucurbitae ; insect demography ; insect reproduction ; parity ; birth rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les informations sur la reproduction ont été obtenues à partir d'adultes de Dacus dorsalis, D. cucurbitae, C. capitata, élevés individuellement. Elles portent sur les paramètres suivants: distribution par âge en fonction de la fécondité, échelonnement des pontes, distribution des niveaux quotidiens de ponte, fréquence des pondeuses par cohorte. Différents caractères spécifiques ont été mis en évidence: 1) La variabilité de la date d'apparition de la maturité reproductive est pour l'essentiel responsable du retard dans les dates de reproduction maximale; 2) De 30 à 50% des femelles de D. dorsalis âgées de 10 jours pondent plus de 50 oeufs/jour pendant les deux semaines qui suivent, tandis que seulement 10 à 20% des femelles des deux autres espèces parviennent à pondre cette quantité d'oeufs à n'importe quel âge; 3) D. cucurbitae ayant atteint sa maturité pond environ pendant 40% des jours (c.à.d. chaque 2,5 j), tandis que les deux autres espèces pondent au moins quelques oeufs pendant 80% des jours (c.à.d. chaque 1,25 j); 4) La production élevée d'oeufs de C. capitata et de D. dorsalis est due à la régularité de leur niveau de ponte et à la fréquence (faible espacement); 5) Les fractions des effectifs qui ont pondu au moins 600 oeufs en 30 jours étaient approximativement de 0,8, 0,7, et 0,4 pour D. dorsalis, C. capitata, D. cucurbitae; 6) 50% des femelles de chacune des trois espèces contribuent en gros pour 65% à la ponte.
    Notes: Abstract Reproductive data were collected on individually-held adult oriental fruit flies, Dacus dorsalis, melon flies, Dacus cucurbitae, and Mediterranean fruit flies, Ceratitis capitata including age-by-parity relations, birth interval, frequency distribution of individual egg production levels and the concentration of reproduction among females in a cohort. Specific findings include: i) delay in reproductive peaks in a cohort after eclosion is due almost entirely to the variance in attainment of reproductive maturity among individuals; ii) low reproductive output of reproductively mature melon flies is due mostly to long birth intervals; iii) high egg production in both the medfly and the oriental fruit fly is due to their consistency of egg laying levels and frequency (short birth intervals). Discussion stresses the importance of viewing reproduction, not as a singular and discrete life history trait, but as consisting of subcomponents of daily parity, cumulative parity and birth interval.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00187004
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  • 10
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    Rapid Identification of Bacteria with a Disposable Colorimetric Sensing Array (2011)
    American Chemical Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-05-18
    Print ISSN: 0002-7863
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-5126
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Published by American Chemical Society
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