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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of low temperature physics 51 (1983), S. 401-422 
    ISSN: 1573-7357
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A study of the stimulated echo following a three-pulse sequence is presented for solid H2 samples with ortho concentrations X between 15% and 65%, and over the temperature range between T=0.1 and 2 K. The stimulated echo decay time τE is found to increase sharply upon cooling through the transition into the long-range ordered phase for X〉0.55. However, the increase is only gradual during the progressive orientational ordering in the hcp phase for X ≲ 0.55. The predictions of a density matrix method for the stimulated echo amplitude are used for comparison with the experiment. A phenomenological approach shows that the results for τE can be interpreted in terms of a combination of longitudinal relaxation times T1 and cross relaxation times T12, the latter expressing the flip-flop transitions between the spin states of neighboring ortho-H2 molecules. These cross relaxation times are calculated from τE and T1 data and found to increase with linewidth as the orientational ordering progresses. The results are compared with the predictions from a simple model and qualitative agreement is obtained. Our observations of the stimulated echo shape and its decay lead to the conclusion that in the investigated range there is no sudden freezing of the orientational fluctuations over a narrow temperature range for X〈0.5. Rather, combination of T1 and stimulated echo experiments indicates that the orientational fluctuation times increase progressively with decreasing temperature, but are likely to stay shorter than 10−4 sec above about 0.15 K. Therefore, in this temperature range, solid H2 cannot be regarded as a glass. This conclusion differs from that by Sullivan and co-workers.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of low temperature physics 65 (1986), S. 91-112 
    ISSN: 1573-7357
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract An NMR study in the cubic phase of D2 which exhibits long-range orientational order is reported. The spin systems in both para D2 (with angular momentum J=1 and spinI=1) and in ortho D2 (with J=0 andI=2) were investigated. The integrated intensity ratio of theI=1 andI=2 components in the solid echo, the NMR line shapes obtained by Fourier transforming the solid echoes, and the longitudinal relaxation times for theI=1 andI=2 systems are presented. Samples with D2 concentrationX between 0.69 and 0.62 were studied over the temperature range 0.12〈T〈4 K. Measurements were carried out before and after repeated thermal cycling through the ordering transition to study the effect of this cycling on the temperature dependence of the relaxation times. The complex behavior of these relaxation times was found to be similar to that in cubic H2 at a comparable concentration, and the interpretation of this behavior is discussed. Over most of the temperature range, the relaxation time of theI=2 spins is larger than that of theI=1 spins and is believed to be determined by cross-relaxation with the latter, whose intrinsic spin-lattice relaxation is observed. However, at low enough temperatures, the relaxation time for theI=2 spins is found to be shorter than that for theI=1 spins, and this observation cannot be understood on the basis of predictions. Furthermore, theI=2 relaxation time in this temperature region is found to depend on the position within the NMR line. Another observation not yet understood is that the ratio of the integrated intensitiesS(I=1)/S(I=2) in the solid echo is smaller than the theoretically predicted one by about 20%. The NMR line shapes for theI=1 spins in the ordered phase obtained from pulse measurements are compared with those from continuous-wave methods and to those from H2.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of low temperature physics 65 (1986), S. 47-90 
    ISSN: 1573-7357
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Using a coherent pulsed NMR spectrometer operating at 5.9 MHz, measurements have been made of the free induction decay and of the solid echo in hcp solid D2. From these data, and using Fourier transform techniques, the NMR line shapes and longitudinal relaxation times have been found for both o-D2 (angular momentumJ=0 and spinI=2) and p-D2 (withJ=1 andI=1) separately. The concentration and temperature extended over the ranges 0.05≤X(J=1)≤0.56 and 0.04〈T〈3 K, respectively. For both o-D2 and p-D2, the second moment of the NMR line shape rises smoothly as the temperature decreases, while the relaxation times pass through a minimum. No evidence of a thermal hysteresis could be found in the line shape or relaxation times. The orientational ordering increases continuously as the temperature decreases and the results lead to the conclusion that there is no evidence for a well-defined transition into a phase that has the characteristics of a glassy state, at least above 0.05 K. Calculations of the rms order parameter σ for p-D2 as a function ofX andT are presented and the results compared with those for solid H2. Above ∼ 0.5 K, the agreement is very good, while below ∼ 0.3 K, σ(H2)〉σ(D2). The orientational polarization of theJ=0 molecules in D2 by the surroundingJ=1 molecules is measured from the ratio of the lineshape second moments and is found to be in order-of-magnitude agreement with the predictions by A. B. Harris in the high-temperature limit. An analysis and correlation of the various measured relaxation times via energy diffusion models is presented. From the spin-lattice relaxation times of theJ=1 molecules, the orientational fluctuation rates are estimated for various concentrations as a function ofT and compared with the results from H2. Good agreement is found. Some unusual features in the intensity ratio of theI=1 andI=2 signals that is different from the expected one are described. In an Appendix, corrections made to the observed line shapes to compensate for the instrumental limitations of the pulse spectrometer are outlined.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of low temperature physics 49 (1982), S. 101-122 
    ISSN: 1573-7357
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We report a study of the NMR line shapes in hcp single crystals of H2 with ortho concentrationsX≤0.55 in the regime where there is no longer a transition to a long-range orientationally ordered phase. From the anisotropy of the o-H2 impurity NMR spectrum at low ortho concentration, reached by ortho-para conversion, the crystal orientation is determined. The second momentM 2 can be represented by a function of the formM 2=Φ(X, T)f(cos θ Hc ), where θ Hc is the angle between the applied magnetic field and the crystalc axis. For a single crystal, the anisotropy functionf(cos θ Hc ) is found to be independent of temperature and of ortho concentration within experimental error, and is in very good agreement with predictions based on the first term of the high-temperature expansion ofM 2 and on other, more general symmetry arguments. An order parameter σ is defined and the distribution functionP(σ) is calculated from the NMR line shapes under the simplifying assumption that the anisotropy of the order parameter, which gives rise to the observed anisotropy ofM 2, can be neglected. We giveP(σ) as a function ofX at low temperature, where the line shape is only weakly dependent onT, and as a function ofT at constantX. It is found that the line shapes andP(σ) in both situations evolve continuously and give no hint of a phase transition. These results are discussed in relation to those of magnetic spin-glasses, and it is concluded that the orientational regime in solid H2, called a quadrupolar glass by previous investigators, cannot be distinguished by symmetry from the orientationally disordered phase that occurs at high temperature.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of low temperature physics 53 (1983), S. 585-617 
    ISSN: 1573-7357
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We report a systematic study of the longitudinal relaxation timeT 1 for solid H2 samples with ortho concentrationX between 0.15 and 0.70 and for 0.1≲T≲2 K. It is over this temperature region that substantial orientational ordering takes place, which drastically affectsT 1. The measurements were made using the solid echo technique at 9 and 27 MHz. By Fourier-transforming the echo decay, it was possible to investigate the recovery from saturation of the various parts of the NMR absorption line as a function of their distance ν−ν L from the center at the Larmor frequency ν L .The dependence ofT 1 on ν−ν L is particularly noticeable in the hcp disordered (para-orientational) phase at the lowest temperatures, where the NMR absorption is broad, and this observation is qualitatively explained. An attempt is made to understand the general features ofT 1 in the cubic ordered phase and in the hcp para-orientational phase in terms of certain relaxation mechanisms. A comparison with previous work is presented.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of low temperature physics 61 (1985), S. 193-211 
    ISSN: 1573-7357
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A report is given of the observation below 1 K of the sound attenuation δα expected from progressive orientational ordering in hcp H2 with ortho concentrationsX〈0.53. The experiments were carried out at 10 and 30 MHz. The amplitude of this effect depends on the coupling between the lattice vibrations and the molecular orientation, and should be maximum when the acoustic angular frequency ω is comparable with the orientational relaxation rate τ−1. The average rate can be roughly estimated from NMR longitudinal relaxation timeT 1 measurements. Such a maximum for δα was indeed observed in the expected temperature range. At high enough temperatures, δα was found to be proportional toT 1 −1 . which is consistent with predictions in the high temperature limit. Furthermore, the transition between the hcp and the fcc phases forX〉0.53 is studied by means of the large changes in the sound propagation at the transition, and the phase diagram thus obtained is compared with results from x-ray and pressure measurements. The new observations explain some previous discrepancies in results using different methods. The difference between solid H2 and D2 regarding the stabilization of the cubic structure above the orientational ordering transition is also discussed. Calculations of the respective energy barriers ΔE to be overcome during the martensitic transition are suggested.
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  • 7
  • 8
    Publication Date: 2016-06-23
    Description: We present Doppler tomographic analyses for the spectroscopic transits of KELT-7b and HAT-P-56b, two hot-Jupiters orbiting rapidly rotating F-dwarf host stars. These include analyses of archival Tillinghast Reflector Echelle Spectrograph (TRES) observations for KELT-7b, and a new TRES transit observation of HAT-P-56b. We report spin–orbit aligned geometries for KELT-7b (2 $_{.}^{\circ}$ 7 ± 0 $_{.}^{\circ}$ 6) and HAT-P-56b (8° ± 2°). The host stars KELT-7 and HAT-P-56 are among some of the most rapidly rotating planet-hosting stars known. We examine the tidal re-alignment model for the evolution of the spin–orbit angle in the context of the spin rates of these stars. We find no evidence that the rotation rates of KELT-7 and HAT-P-56 have been modified by star–planet tidal interactions, suggesting that the spin–orbit angle of systems around these hot stars may represent their primordial configuration. In fact, KELT-7 and HAT-P-56 are two of three systems in supersynchronous, spin–orbit aligned states, where the rotation periods of the host stars are faster than the orbital periods of the planets.
    Print ISSN: 0035-8711
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2966
    Topics: Physics
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2004-12-20
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2016-02-28
    Description: SN 2012dn is a super-Chandrasekhar mass candidate in a purportedly normal spiral (SAcd) galaxy, and poses a challenge for theories of type Ia supernova diversity. Here we utilize the fast and highly parametrized spectrum synthesis tool, SYNAPPS , to estimate relative expansion velocities of species inferred from optical spectra obtained with six facilities. As with previous studies of normal SN Ia, we find that both unburned carbon and intermediate-mass elements are spatially coincident within the ejecta near and below 14 000 km s –1 . Although the upper limit on SN 2012dn's peak luminosity is comparable to some of the most luminous normal SN Ia, we find a progenitor mass exceeding ~1.6 M is not strongly favoured by leading merger models since these models do not accurately predict spectroscopic observations of SN 2012dn and more normal events. In addition, a comparison of light curves and host-galaxy masses for a sample of literature and Palomar Transient Factory SN Ia reveals a diverse distribution of SN Ia subtypes where carbon-rich material remains unburned in some instances. Such events include SN 1991T, 1997br, and 1999aa where trace signatures of C iii at optical wavelengths are presumably detected.
    Print ISSN: 0035-8711
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2966
    Topics: Physics
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