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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Physica C: Superconductivity and its applications 160 (1989), S. 341-346 
    ISSN: 0921-4534
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: RE2CuO4 (RE=rare earth) compounds constitute an interesting family of materials because of their magnetic complexity as well as for their relationship with high Tc superconductors. For R=Gd and heavier rare earths, a weak ferromagnetic component (WF) is observed below ∼280 K. This component has its origin in a canting of the Cu antiferromagnetic (AF) structure due to a distortion of the oxygen ions between the copper atoms. In this contribution we center our work in Gd2CuO4, which is the only WF compound in the series that can be synthesized at normal pressures. WF can be easily detected by microwave absorption, due to the presence of an associated low field absorption signal. We have synthesized the material by sol-gel methods, allowing a control of grain size, dependent on time and the final calcination temperature. The microwave absorption results show that the onset point for the WF component shifts from 290 K for the bulk material, to 210 K for particles with an average size of 120 nm. For particles less than 90 nm the WF resonance line is not observed, suggesting the absence of weak ferromagnetism. As the WF component is associated to the AF ordering, we interpret our results as the elimination of the long range order motivated by the particle size reduction. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 73 (1993), S. 5680-5682 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: dc magnetization measurements in a Gd doped Eu2CuO4 single crystal indicate the appearance below TN=243 K, of a weak ferromagnetic component Ms(T), in addition to the Van Vleck paramagnetism of the Eu3+ ions. Ms(T) is oriented parallel to the (001) plane and its magnitude and in-plane angular dependence are strongly dependent on the cooling conditions. For samples cooled in zero magnetic field the magnetization is isotropic in the (001) plane with Ms(0)=2.2(4)×10−3 μB/formula unit. For samples cooled in a field (FC), Ms(T) increases as a function of the field applied for cooling, HFC, reaching Ms(0)=5.0(5)×10−3 μB/formula unit for HFC=10 kG. A uniaxial magnetic anisotropy develops in this case with an easy axis along the [110] crystallographic direction lying closer to the orientation of HFC. A magnetic free energy including second and fourth order in-plane anisotropy terms provides a good description of the experimental results, with H(2)=−85(5) G and H(4)=10(3) G.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 84 (1998), S. 5693-5697 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The magnetic properties and microstructure of as-deposited and annealed Fe–SiO2 granular thin films were studied. As-deposited films have a maximum in coercivity at an Fe volume fraction (Fe vol %) ∼62% independent of film thickness. Iron grains in as-deposited films are well defined, nearly equiaxial and ∼5 nm in diameter. From 66 to 90 Fe vol %, some as-deposited films showed an unusual well defined in-plane uniaxial anisotropy. The magnetic percolation threshold, xp, as indicated by the maximum in the Hc vs Fe vol % curve, changed after the films were annealed. The percolation threshold (xp) of films annealed at 420 °C for 30 min shifted to ∼47 Fe vol % except for the 5 nm films, whose xp remained unchanged. After annealing at 510 °C for 3 h, a strong thickness dependence of the percolation threshold was revealed in films thinner than 40 nm, with values ranging from 78 Fe vol % to less than 44 Fe vol %. The shifts of xp in both 420 and 510 °C annealed films can be explained by the effects of reduced dimensions in very thin films. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 8612-8614 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Microwave-absorption measurements have been performed in Gd2CuO4 particles of controlled size. We have measured the microwave absorption associated with a magnetic resonance of the weak-ferromagnetic component of the magnetization. The onset temperature of this signal, related to the appearance of weak ferromagnetism, is depressed when the particle size is decreased. A simultaneous depression of the Néel temperature is suggested as the origin of the observed dependence, due to the limitation on the two-dimensional correlation length imposed by the particle size. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: ESR measurements of the microwave absorption signal associated with weak ferromagnetism in single crystals of Eu2−xGdxCuO4 are presented for X band (9.5 GHz) and L band (1.2 GHz) as a function of the Gd concentration. The strong absorption observed at low magnetic fields was interpreted, for samples with low Gd concentration, as due to a field-induced spin reorientation transition occurring at a critical field Hc, coincident with the in-plane magnetic anisotropy effective field Heffy. For larger x the Cu-Gd magnetic interaction needs to be considered leading to smaller Hc values. Our measurements show that for Gd concentrations in the range 0≤x≤1 the experimental data can be very well fitted with parameters derived from previous measurements. This fact indicates that these compounds have nearly the same in-plane anisotropy effective field, in spite of the small changes in lattice parameters. For x=2 lattice distortions increase causing an Hc larger than the expected one. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 89 (2001), S. 7666-7668 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Magnetic resonance techniques at frequencies of 9.4, 34, 110, and 219 GHz were used to investigate the magnetism of the recently discovered ferromagnetic superconducting system RuSr2RECu2O8 (RE=Eu, Gd). One absorption is observed in both compounds below the magnetic ordering temperature, TM∼135 K, and can be ascribed to the ferromagnetic resonance of the ordered Ru ions. The resonance field of this absorption is frequency dependent and is well described assuming an in-plane ferromagnetic component with strong out-of-plane (Hz) and weak in-plane (Hx) anisotropy fields. We have derived almost the same anisotropy fields for both compounds at 70 K (〈Hz〉∼250 kOe and 〈Hx〉∼165 Oe). Another absorption is observed only in the Gd compound and arises from the paramagnetic resonance of the Gd3+ ions. Below TM the Gd3+ signal shifts from g=2 evidencing the appearance of a homogeneous internal field, Hi,Gd, that is frequency (and hence field) dependent. This variation is probably due to the nonsaturated nature of the Ru lattice. Below 10 K there is an additional shift of the Gd3+ line arising from the Gd dipole-dipole interaction. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 85 (1999), S. 6151-6153 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: In the Fe–SiO2 granular system the effects of oxidation and abnormal grain growth on the magnetic behavior are significant. As film thickness is reduced a larger fraction of Fe grains intersect the free surface and are prone to oxidation even in good vacuum conditions. Films coated with protective SiO2 layers were found to be unaffected by oxidation. The presence of a surface during annealing also affects the microstructural evolution. Transmission electron microscopy observations revealed a bimodal distribution of Fe grain sizes in uncoated films due to grain merger assisted by surface diffusion. This bimodal distribution of Fe grain sizes is associated with a coercivity (Hc) vs vol. % Fe curve containing two peaks. By contrast, SiO2 coated films exhibited a uniform microstructure without unusually large grains and a smoother Hc vs vol. % Fe curve with a well defined maximum. Room temperature coercivities of ∼1000 Oe can be routinely achieved in Fe–SiO2 granular films as thin as 10 nm. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies showed evidence for the chemical interaction between Fe and SiO2 in SiO2/Fe/SiO2 trilayer model film samples. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 87 (2000), S. 5627-5629 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Magnetically heterogeneous Fe–SiO2 composite thin films (20 nm thick) prepared using standard rf sputtering techniques have been investigated by means of ferromagnetic resonance (FMR). Besides a single FMR absorption line, corresponding to the uniform precession mode, several nearly equally spaced absorption lines could be observed close to the percolation threshold of the Fe granules fp if the applied field H is parallel to the film normal. These extra absorptions have been identified as standing spin waves. A constant separation between lines suggests that volume inhomogeneities are important (as expected in a granular film). We have determined the following characteristic lengths of the standing spin waves for three Fe volume concentrations: L=370 nm, 680 nm, and 270 nm for f=0.63, 0.66, and 0.69, respectively. In continuous thin films L is normally coincident with the film thickness but in this case L is more than an order of magnitude larger than the film thickness. This discrepancy and the absence of additional lines for f≠fp suggests that L is not related to the film thickness but to the correlation length of the percolating network, eventually modulated by the sample magnetization M. The temperature dependence of the average separation between lines supports this picture. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 83 (1998), S. 4855-4861 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: An investigation of the structural and magnetic properties of phase separated Co-rich CoAg very thin films (5 nm–50 nm) as a function of film thickness and Co concentration is presented. In the as-deposited state the films are very fine grained and the coercive field is relatively low (Hc〈20 Oe). However, after annealing at 420 °C for half an hour in high vacuum, grain growth is promoted and a drastic change in the magnetic properties is observed. The coercivity now has a strong thickness dependence with a maximum at approximately 15 nm. The largest room temperature value of coercivity, Hc=850 Oe, was found for a CoAg 70:30 volume percent alloy. The concentration of maximum coercivity is usually associated with the percolation threshold, xp, of the ferromagnetic element and is much higher than the ∼50 vol % value normally observed in thick film and bulk granular ferromagnets. Values of xp(approximately-less-than)0.65 were found for 30 nm thick films increasing up to xp∼0.75 for 10 nm films. This behavior is explained as a shift in the percolation limit to higher values associated with the reduced dimensionality of very thin films. This shift implies that the volume fraction of the ferromagnetic component should be larger than its bulk counterpart if granular ferromagnets are to be used as thin film media for magnetic recording. The temperature dependence of Hc was also studied and coercivities exceeding 1800 Oe have been found at 50 K. The presence of a thin antiferromagnetic oxide layer is manifested as a shift in the low temperature hysteresis loops due to the anisotropic exchange coupling interaction with ferromagnetic Co. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
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