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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 113 (1975), S. 169-181 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Similar precursory phenomena have been observed before earthquakes in the United States, the Soviet Union, Japan, and China. Two quite different physical models are used to explain these phenomena. According to a model developed by US seismologists, the so-called dilatancy diffusion model, the earthquake occurs near maximum stress, following a period of dilatant crack expansion. Diffusion of water in and out of the dilatant volume is required to explain the recovery of seismic velocity before the earthquake. According to a model developed by Soviet scientists growth of cracks is also involved but diffusion of water in and out of the focal region is not required. With this model, the earthquake is assumed to occur during a period of falling stress and recovery of velocity here is due to crack closure as stress relaxes. In general, the dilatancy diffusion model gives a peaked precursor form, whereas the dry model gives a bay form, in which recovery is well under way before the earthquake. A number of field observations should help to distinguish between the two models: study of post-earthquake recovery, time variation of stress and pore pressure in the focal region, the occurrence of pre-existing faults, and any changes in direction of precursory phenomena during the anomalous period.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 116 (1978), S. 627-633 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Permeability of rocksand granular materials
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Stress produces framatic changes in fluid permeability of geologic materials. An increase of nearly threefold occurred in granite at high stress, an increase of 20 percent in sandstone, and a hundredfold decrease in compacted sand. Permeability of sand and sandstone did not follow the effective stress law. Flow along joints was very sensitive to effected stress changes, a fourfold change being caused by as little as 1.0 MPa.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 116 (1978), S. 603-614 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Compaction ; Dilatancy ; Fracture ; Friction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Volume changes in geologic materials have been measured with strain gauges, cantilever displacement gauges, or through observation of either pore or total volume. When porosity is less than 0.05, compaction is small or absent; apart from elastic strains in the minerals, dilatancy predominates, beginning at 50 to 75 percent of the fracture stress difference. When initial porosity exceeds about 0.05, compaction and dilatancy may overlap. The onset of dilatancy has not been identified, but most of the dilatancy occurs within about 10 percent of the fracture stress difference. In low porosity rocks, dilatancy increases initial porosity by a factor of 2 or more; in porous rocks or granular aggregates the increase is only 20 to 50 percent. However, the actual pore volume increase is larger in rocks of high initial porosity. Hence, earthquake precursors which depend on the magnitude of dilatancy should be more pronounced in porous rocks or in fault gouge. In contrast, precursors which are based on fractional changes in some porosity-related property may be more pronounced in rocks of low initial porosity. Future work is particularly needed on constitutive relations suitable for major classes of rocks, on the effects of stress cycling in porous rocks, on the effects of high temperature and pore fluids on dilatancy and compaction, and on the degree of localization of strain prior to fracture.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 113 (1975), S. 207-217 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Dilatancy may lower pore pressure at mid-crustal depths to near the liquid-vapor transition of water. However, the resistivity of typical pore fluids changes very little down the transition so that changes in rock resistivity will be almost solely due to dilatant volume change. Experiments with partly saturated rocks at room temperature suggest that rocks containing mixtures of fluid and vapor, along the transition, will generally behave electrically during dilatancy as though they were fluid saturated. Observed resistivity changes before earthquakes give the dilatant volume change directly and thus may be used to further constrain the dilatancy-diffusion model, independent of observed uplift or velocity changes.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 52 (1975), S. 17-28 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Plagioclase feldspar is often surprisingly porous on a small scale. Pores range in size from less than 1 μm to about 40 μm, and occupy up to 2.3 % by volume. In general, the highest plagioclase porosities occur in rocks which would have had a comparatively “wet” history: normal granites and pegmatites. Rocks which were drier—gabbro, a diabase and an exceptionally dry granite—have much lower plagioclase porosities, as do two lowgrade metamorphic samples. It is suggested that the nearly equant pores represent sites of former fluid inclusions, while the planar cavities of cracklike cross-section may be partially annealed fractures formed early in the history of the rock.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 3 (1971), S. 61-85 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Verhalten von Granit und Diabas nach dem Bruch Druckversuche an Westerly-Granit und Frederick-Diabas bei einer mittleren Stauchungsgeschwindigkeit von 0 (10−5) sec−1 haben ergeben, daß Granit in den Grenzen von Null bis 22000 psi Manteldruck und Diabas zwischen 500 psi und 2200 psi Manteldruck ein Bruchverhalten der Klasse II aufweisen. Um den Bruchvorgang im “post-failure”-Bereich zu kontrollieren ist es daher notwendig, daß den Prüfkörpern Energie entzogen wird. Vollständige Kennlinien von Granit und Diabas können in eine Reihe von charakteristischen Abschnitten unterteilt werden, die jeweils bestimmte und ihnen eigene Brucherscheinungen aufweisen. Bei einachsiger Belastung und im Triaxialversuch unterhalb 2900 psi Manteldruck bestehen die Brucherscheinungen in Westerly-Granit aus feinen, über den Probekörper verteilten Haarrissen, vornehmlich parallel zur Auflast, aus Schalen sowie aus dünnen, intensiv aufgemahlenen Scherzonen. Der Makroskopische Bruch erfolgt als Verschiebungsbruch. Oberhalb 2900 psi Manteldruck entstehen Haarrisse, die vornehmlich zur Auflast geneigt sind und die bei fortschreitender Verformung des Prüfkörpers in ihrer ursprünglichen Ebene weiter aufreißen. Der sichtbare Bruch erfolgt bei hohem Manteldruck als Gleitungsbruch. Die Brucherscheinungen in Frederick-Diabas sind denen in Westerly-Granit bei 22000 psi Manteldruck nahezu gleich. Die Bruchfestigkeit von Westerly-Granit bei 22000 psi Manteldruck und in Frederick-Diabas ist von der Ausbildung von Gleitungsbrüchen bestimmt. Bei niedrigerem Manteldruck entstehen Gleitungs- oder Verschiebungsbrüche in Granit jedoch erst im “post-failure”-Bereich nach teils erheblicher Überschreitung der Bruchfestigkeit. Vorläufige Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, daß das Kriechen in Westerly-Granit unter hoher Spannung durch die gleichen Brucherscheinungen hervorgerufen oder von ihnen begleitet wird, die im “post-failure”-Bereich in quasi-statischen Versuchen beobachtet werden können. Im einachsigen Druckversuch führen Kriecherscheinungen ungefähr dann zum Bruch, wenn die Kennlinie einer Kriechprobe die Kennlinie eines ebenfalls einachsig aber quasistatisch belasteten Prüfkörpers im “post-failure”-Bereich schneidet. Ein Vergleich der Brucherscheinungen in einigen Gesteinen läßt darauf schließen, daß sich die Bruchmechanismen in Gesteinen mit der Höhe des Manteldrucks und mit der Beschaffenheit des Gesteins ändern. Es ist daher unwahrscheinlich, daß der Bruch von Gesteinen mit Hilfe eines einzigen Bruchkriteriums hinreichend beschrieben werden kann.
    Abstract: Résumé Comportement post-rupture d'un granite et d'une diabase Au cours d'expériences en compression à vitesse de déformation constante (10−5 sec−1) le granite de Westerly et la diabase de Frederick ont un comportement à la rupture dit de “classe II” pour des contraintes latérales variant entre 0 et 1500 bars pour le granite, et entre 30 et 150 bars pour la diabase. Il faut donc extraire de l'énergie des éprouvettes pour en contrôler la cassure. Les courbes complètes effort-déformation du granite de Westerly peuvent être divisées en un certain nombre de régions caractérisées chacune par un réseau de fracture particulier qui dépend d'ailleurs aussi de la contrainte latérale. Lorsque celle-ci est nulle, ou inférieure à 200 bars, le granite de Westerly développe un réseau de fracture consistant en plaques, en étroites zones de broyage intense et en fissures essentiellement parallèles à la direction de compression maximale. Lorsque la contrainte latérale est supérieure à 200 bars, le réseau de fractures consiste en fractures de cisaillement macroscopiques et en fissures locales faisant pour la plupart un angle avec la direction de compression maximale. Pour des contraintes latérales élevées, les fissures locales ont tendance à se propager dans leur plan initial. Le réseau de fractures développé dans la diabase de Frederick, quelle que soit la contrainte latérale, est à peu près identique à celui qui se développe dans le granite de Westerly pour une contrainte latérale de 1500 bars. Au dessus de 1500 bars de contrainte latérale, la charge de rupture des deux roches est régie par la formation d'une faille, alors qu'en dessous de 1500 bars une faille ne se forme dans le granite que dans la région qui suit la rupture, au delà du maximum de la courbe effort-déformation. Des expériences préliminaires suggèrent que le fluage du granite de Westerly soumis à des contraintes constantes élevées produit un réseau de fracture identique à celui obtenu dans la région qui suit la rupture dans des essais de déformation continue. En outre, en compression uniaxiale, le fluage se termine par une fracture macroscopique près de l'intersection de la courbe de déformation à charge constante avec la partie décroissante de la courbe complète effort-déformation d'une éprouvette chargée de façon quasi-statique. Une comparaison de tous les réseaux de fracture obtenus suggère que les mécanismes de fracture dépendent de la contrainte latérale, de la composition minéralogique et de la taille des grains de la roche éprouvée. Il est donc peu probable que la rupture des roches en compression puisse être en général décrite par un seul critère.
    Notes: Summary Post-Failure Behavior of a Granite and Diabase Compression experiments have been performed on Westerly granite and Frederick diabase at a mean strain rate of 0 (10−5) sec.−1. In such tests Westerly granite and Frederick diabase exhibit Class II failure behavior between zero and 22000 psi and between 500 psi and 2200 psi, confining pressure respectively. In order to control brittle failure in these rocks, therefore, energy must be extracted from the samples. Complete stress-strain curves for Westerly granite can be divided into a number of characteristic regions. Each of these regions can be described in terms of distinct fracture patterns. In Westerly granite in uniaxial compression and at less than 2 900 psi confining pressure, the fracture patterns consist of local cracks predominantly parallel to the direction of greatest compression, slabs and narrow intensely crushed shear zones. At greater 2 900 psi confining pressure the fracture patterns consist of local cracks predominantly inclined to the direction of greatest compression and of macroscopic shear fractures. At high confining pressure, local cracks tend to propagate in their initial plane. The fracture patterns in Frederick diabase are sensibly the same as those in Westerly granite at 22000 psi confining pressure. The ultimate strength of Westerly granite above 22000 psi confining pressure and in Frederick diabase is controlled by faulting. At lower confining pressure faulting in granite occurs only in the post-failure region beyond the peak of the stress-strain curves. Preliminary experiments suggest that creep in Westerly granite under high and constant stress produces the same fracture patterns that occur in the post-failure region in continuous-deformation tests. In uniaxial compression creep terminates in macroscopic fracture near the intersection of the constant stress-strain path of a creep sample with the post-failure branch of the stress-strain curve of a quasi-statically loaded specimen. A comparison of all fracture patterns suggests that the fracture mechanisms in rock depend upon confining pressure, mineral composition and grain size of the rocks tested. It is unlikely, therefore, that rock failure in compression can in general be described by a single failure criterion.
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 1963-09-01
    Print ISSN: 0022-1376
    Electronic ISSN: 1537-5269
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 1960-12-01
    Print ISSN: 0021-8979
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-7550
    Topics: Physics
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1962-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0021-8979
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-7550
    Topics: Physics
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1973-11-10
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Electronic ISSN: 2156-2202
    Topics: Geosciences
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