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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Nuclear Instruments and Methods In Physics Research 219 (1984), S. 513-518 
    ISSN: 0167-5087
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The European physical journal 310 (1983), S. 249-250 
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The groundstate and a negative parity band of222Th have been observed in the208Pb (180, 4n)222Th reaction by conversion electron and γ-ray spectroscopy identifying the evaporation residues in a recoil separator. The de-excitation pattern is characterized by strong El transitions interconnecting the levels of alternating parity. The yrast levels may be interpreted as a molecularcluster band.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Keywords: 27.90.+ b ; 23.20.Lv ; 23.20.Ck
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The nuclei218, 220, 222Th were investigated by conversion electron andγ-ray spectroscopy after compound nucleus reactions of14N with209Bi and16, 18O with208Pb. The intenseγ-background from fission was suppressed by spectroscopy of conversion electrons andγ-rays in coincidence with the evaporation residues or theirα-decay. Level schemes were determined for218Th up toI π=10+ and for220Th and222Th up toI π=15−. The observed structure of218Th may be explained in the spherical shell model with residual interaction by two neutron excitation. ForN≧130 completely different level schemes are observed showing very intense, collective electric dipole transitions (B(E1)−10−2 W.u.) with energies of typically 200 keV. Interpretation in terms of stable octupole deformations of the ground state as well as in anα-cluster picture are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The polymerization in a reversed emulsion (“water-in-oil” type of emulsion) of monomers that are insoluble or soluble to only a slight extent in water was investigated in the case of styrene and methacrylate methyl.When monomer-soluble initiators are used the polymerization in reversed emulsion takes place in a manner similar to that of a substance polymerization. With water-soluble initiators the polymerization can also be initiated from the water phase. When sufficiently large amounts of initiator are added rates of polymerization in substance are obtained.Graft polymers of styrene on polyethylene oxide, which are soluble in the monomers, yet insoluble in water, are used as emulsifiers. For this reason the possibility of the existence of micelles in the water phase can be excluded and it may be assumed that the polymerization at the phase interface is initiated by water-soluble initiators. This assumption was supported by photographs of the reversed emulsion at various stages of polymerization.A fully polymerized reverse emulsion represents a polymer block with a cellular structure whose cells contain the dispersed water phase. As indicated by microscopic photographs, the cell walls consist unexpectedly of agglomerates of very small polymer pearls.
    Notes: Am Beispiel des Styrols und Methacrylsäuremethylesters wurde die Polymerisation von in Wasser nicht oder nur wenig löslichen Monomeren in umgekehrter Emulsion (Emulsionstyp: “Wasser in öl&”) untersucht.Bei der Anwendung monomerenlöslicher Initiatoren verläuft die Polymerisation in umgekehrter Emulsion analog einer Substanzpolymerisation. Mit wasserlöslichen Initiatoren kann die Polymerisation auch aus der Wasserphase heraus eingeleitet werden. Bei genügend hoher Initiatordosierung können hierbei ähnliche Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeiten wie bei der Substanzpolymerisation erzielt werden.Als Emulgierhilfsmittel werden Pfropfpolymerisate von Styrol auf Polyäthylenoxyd verwendet, die in den Monomeren löslich, in Wasser jedoch unlöslich sind. Aus diesem Grunde kann man die Existenz von Micellen in der Wasserphase ausschließen und annehmen, daß durch wasserlösliche Initiatoren die Polymerisation an der Phasengrenzfläche eingeleitet wird. Durch photographische Aufnahmen der umgekehrten Emulsion in verschiedenen Polymerisationsstadien konnte diese Annahme gestützt werden.Eine auspolymerisierte umgekehrte Emulsion stellt einen Polymerisatblock mit Zellstruktur dar, dessen Zellen die dispergierte Wasserphase enthalten. Wie durch mikroskopische Aufnahmen gezeigt wird, bestehen die Zellwände unerwarteterweise aus Agglomeraten sehr kleiner Polymerisatperlen.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: When polymerizing styrene in reversed emulsion (“water-in-oil” type of emulsion) in the absence of water-soluble emulsifiers with the redox system potassium persulphate/sodium disulphite it was shown that the water content of the emulsions and consequently the size of the phase interface monomer/water very strongly influences the course of the polymerization, which supports the assumption of an initiation of the polymerization out of the aqueous phase via the phase interface.When comparing polymerization in reversed emulsion with a water-insoluble emulsifying auxiliary and in normal emulsion with water-soluble micelle-forming emulsifiers, it was shown that, other polymerization conditions being equal, polymerization in normal emulsion takes place at an extremely higher rate than in reversed emulsion.It was also found that under the conditions of reversed emulsion both a distinct gel effect and a corresponding dependence of the molecular weights on the conversion may occur.
    Notes: Bei der Polymerisation von Styrol mit dem Redoxsystem Kaliumpersulfat-Natriumdisulfit in umgekehrter Emulsion in Abwesenheit wasserlöslicher Emulgatoren wurde gezeigt, daß der Wassergehalt der Emulsionen und damit die Größe der Phasengrenzfläche Monomer/Wasser sehr stark den Polymerisationsablauf beeinflußt. Dadurch wurde die Annahme einer Initiierung der Polymerisation aus der wäßrigen Phase heraus über die Phasengrenzfläche gestützt.Bei einem Vergleich der Polymerisation in umgekehrter Emulsion mit einem wasserunlöslichen Emulgiermittel und in normaler Emulsion mit wasserlöslichen, micellbildenden Emulgatoren zeigte sich, daß unter sonst gleichen Polymerisationsbedingungen die Polymerisation in normaler Emulsion außerordentlich viel rascher abläft als in der umgekehrten Emulsion.Es wurde ferner bei der Styrolpolymerisation festgestellt, daß unter den Bedingungen der umgekehrten Emulsion sowohl ein deutlicher Gel-Effekt als auch eine entsprechende Umsatzabhängigkeit der Molekulargewichte auftreten kann.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 6
  • 7
    Publication Date: 1984-02-01
    Print ISSN: 0167-5087
    Electronic ISSN: 1872-9606
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Physics
    Published by Elsevier
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