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  • 1
    Publication Date: 1993-01-01
    Print ISSN: 1018-4813
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-5438
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 1992-05-01
    Print ISSN: 0340-6717
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-1203
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Springer
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 1991-06-01
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] All 21 sporadic BWS individuals studied had a typical phenotype of BWS, that is exomphalos, macroglossia, gigantism, hypoglycaemia and visceromegaly. Four had developed a Wilms' tumour (patients BW9P, BW11P, BW18P and BW21P). The constitutional karyotype analysis failed to reveal a chromosomal ...
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 47 (1995), S. 423-430 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: CYP1A2 ; caffeine ; population study ; genetic polymorphism ; family study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract CYP1A2 is a cytochrome P450 which is inducible by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. This induction could be mediated via the Ah locus, which encodes a cytosolic receptor responsible for the regulation of the CYP1A1 gene. Enzyme activity in vivo can be measured by the urinary caffeine metabolite ratio (AFMU+1X+1U)/17U. Our goal was to determine, using this ratio, the possible existence of a genetic polymorphism in CYP1A2 induction. For this purpose, a population and family study, including smokers, were undertaken. In a first step, we investigated factors influencing enzyme activity in a population of 245 unrelated individuals. The induction effect of smoking and inhibiting effect of oral contraceptive use were confirmed. None of the other factors examined (age, sex, level of cigarette consumption, nicotine or tar amounts, filter, inhalation) accounted for the interindividual variability in the metabolic ratio. Using the statistical SKUMIX method, a unimodal (one peak) distribution of the ratio was concluded in 164 unrelated smokers, since a second distribution did not significantly improve the fit to the data (x 21=1.39, P〉0.2). Segregation analysis was performed on 68 nuclear families and no major gene effect could be shown. Furthermore, the polygenic model did not provide a higher likelihood than the sporadic one, which argues against the existence of any familial resemblance. Although we cannot rule out the possibility that some environmental factors could obscure the phenotypes and occult a genetic determinism, we conclude that genetic factors are probably negligible in the determination of CYP1A2 activity measured by this method. These results suggest that CYP1A2 induction via the Ah locus would not be similar to that of CYP1A1.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Human genetics 〈Berlin〉 24 (1974), S. 271-284 
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une étude familiale portant sur 598 rétinoblastomes dont 10,5% sont familiaux et 36% bilateraux, a permis de confirmer que tous les rétinoblastomes bilatéraux sont la conséquence de mutations germinales anciennes ou récentes, donc héréditaires et se transmettent selon le mode dominant autosomique avec un risque de 50% pour les descendants; quant aux rétinoblastomes unilatéraux, une partie seulement est héréditaire, la grande majorité étant due à des mutations somatiques non transmissibles; aucun élément ne perment de distinguer les deux formes lorsqu'il s'agit d'un cas isolé et le risque pour la descendance est inférieur à 10% (1,2 à 11,8% selon les enquêtes). Dans les cas dits sporadiques, le risque de récurrence est plus élevé pour les germains des formes bilatérales que pour ceux des formes unilatérales (6,2 et 0,6%); il est faible pour les descendants des germains sains d'unilatéraux (0,4%) et certainement nul pour ceux des bilatéraux. La fréquence en France peut être estimée entre 4 et 5x10-5 et le taux de mutation à 5x10-6. La théorie mutationnelle de Knudson selon laquelle le rétinoblastome serait la conséquence de deux mutations affectant la même cellule rétinienne, deux mutations somatiques dans les formes non héréditaires, une mutation germinale suivie d'une mutation somatique dans les formes héréditaires rend assez bien compte de la distribution familiale, mais n'explique pas les variations de pénétrance et la forte proportion de porteurs sains (16% des formes héréditaires). L'hypothèse d'une prémutation consistant en une cassure transmissible et pouvant aboutir à une délétion est avancée.
    Notes: Summary A genetic study of 598 patients with retinoblastoma was made-10.5% were familial, 36% had the bilateral form. The data confirmed that these two forms differ in their mode of inheritance; the bilateral are due to a germinal dominant mutation, whereas the unilateral are due in most cases to a somatic mutation and are therefore non-hereditary. The recurrence risk among the offspring of sporadic unilateral cases amounts to 1.2–11.8%. The incidence of the disease among the sibs of sporadic cases is higher if the index case has a bilateral form (6.2% vs. 0.6%). Contrarily, the incidence is higher among the offspring of normal sibs when the index case has a unilateral form. The incidence of the retinoblastoma has been estimated at 5x10-5 in a French population with a mutation rate of 5x10-6. Knudson has developed the hypothesis that retinoblastoma is caused by two mutational events. In the dominantly inherited form one mutation is germinal, the second occurs in the retinal cells. In the non-heritary form both occur in somatic cells. Knudson's hypothesis accounts reasonably well for the familial distribution of retinoblastoma but does not correlate with the proportion of healthy carriers and changes of penetrance. The hypothesis is put forward that premutational events responsible for these changes of penetrance include chromosomal breakages susceptible to repair or to further evolution to deletion.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Whole-blood cells of obligate carriers of the X-linked Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) exhibit nonrandom inactivation of the X-chromosomes. However, because of the limited polymorphism of the probes available, the X-methylation pattern can only be determined in a restricted proportion of females. We thus analysed a large set of normal females and members of WAS families, using the recently described marker M27β, which detects the hyperpolymorphic locus DXS255. The probe was used to detect differences in methylation between the active and inactive X-chromosome, and the findings were compared with the pattern obtained using the well-documented probes from the 5′ end of the PGK and HPRT genes. All the normal females were found to use either X-chromosome randomly, and there was complete correlation between the three probes in the populations studied. Segregation analysis performed with M27β and other related markers in the WAS families was fully in accordance with the X-inactivation data. The use of M27β, for both X-inactivation and segregation analysis of WAS kindreds, provides a basis for genetic counselling in the majority of families, including those with no surviving males.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Human genetics 〈Berlin〉 89 (1992), S. 612-614 
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The rare autosomal fragile site, fra (16)(q22), is the most common of all rare autosomal fragile sites and has a heterozygote frequency of about 5%. Evidence for it was found following the segregation expected from a simple codominant trait with complete penetrance; this is in contrast to a variety of other rare autosomal fragile sites. Based on the analysis of 12 families in which fra (16)(q22) is segregating, we found that, whereas complete penetrance could be confirmed, the transmitting parent was significantly more likely to be of the female sex. On the other hand, there was no evidence for preferential transmission to offspring of either sex.
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