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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CELLULAR RESPONSES TO INTERFERON-gamma (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 15 (1997), S. 749-795 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The phytohemagglutinin-induced virus-inhibitor may, however, be produced in white cells in response to a stimulation of cellular RNA synthesis and may be a feedback mechanism for control of RNA synthesis. E. Frederick Wheelock (1965) Interferons are cytokines that play a complex and central role in the resistance of mammalian hosts to pathogens. Type I interferon (IFN-alpha and IFN-beta) is secreted by virus-infected cells. Immune, type II, or gamma-interferon (IFN-gamma) is secreted by thymus-derived (T) cells under certain conditions of activation and by natural killer (NK) cells. Although originally defined as an agent with direct antiviral activity, the properties of IFN-gamma include regulation of several aspects of the immune response, stimulation of bactericidal activity of phagocytes, stimulation of antigen presentation through class I and class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, orchestration of leukocyte-endothelium interactions, effects on cell proliferation and apoptosis, as well as the stimulation and repression of a variety of genes whose functional significance remains obscure. The implementation of such a variety of effects by a single cytokine is achieved by complex patterns of cell-specific gene regulation: Several IFN-gamma-regulated genes are themselves components of transcription factors. The IFN-gamma response is itself regulated by interaction with responses to other cytokines including IFN-alpha/beta, TNF-alpha, and IL-4. Over 200 genes are now known to be regulated by IFN-gamma and they are listed in a World Wide Web document that accompanies this review. However, much of the cellular response to IFN-gamma can be described in terms of a set of integrated molecular programs underlying well-defined physiological systems, for example the induction of efficient antigen processing for MHC-mediated antigen presentation, which play clearly defined roles in pathogen resistance. A promising approach to the complexity of the IFN-gamma response is to extend the analysis of the less understood IFN-gamma-regulated genes in terms of molecular programs functional in pathogen resistance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.15.1.749
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A parameter characterizing the geometry of expanded metal. I. A general mass transfer correlation for flow-by electrodes of expanded metal and wire cloth (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 17 (1987), S. 123-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A dimensionless parameter characterizing the geometry of expanded metal is presented and successfully applied in the correlation of mass transfer results obtained by other authors with flow-by electrodes of this material. The geometric term seems to apply also to nets arranged parallel to the flow.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01009138
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A parameter characterizing the geometry of expanded metal. II. Natural convection mass transfer at expanded metal electrodes (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 17 (1987), S. 127-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Free convective mass transfer rates at vertical electrodes of expanded metal were measured by the electrochemical method. Electrode height and electrolyte concentration were varied and the dependence of the expanded metal on the geometry and on the mesh orientation with respect to the vertical direction was investigated. A single equation was developed to correlate all the results. Besides the generalized dimensionless groups for natural convection the correlation includes a parameter characterizing the geometry of the expanded metal. The correlation also represents free convective mass transfer results obtained by other investigators with vertical mesh electrodes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01009139
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrochemical mass transfer to regular packings in a bubble column (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 25 (1995), S. 273-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The behaviour of regular packings constructed from corrugated metal sheets was investigated since they constitute an attractive packing material for the electrochemical absorption of gases. Mass transfer coefficients for the regular packing contained in a circular electrolytical cell were determined by the electrochemical method with simulation of the absorption process by bubbling nitrogen through the column. Correlations for the mass transfer rate as a function of fluid dynamic parameters and fluid properties are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00262967
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mass transfer in electrolytic cells with gas stirring (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 17 (1987), S. 340-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Mass transfer to wall electrodes was investigated in a circular cell agitated by gas bubbles. Perforated and porous plates were used as gas spargers. Electrodes with varying height and electrolytic solutions having different physical properties were tested. It was found that the enhancing effect of gas bubbles on the mass transfer coefficient is a function of the gas hold-up, irrespective of the velocity of the gas flow and the gas distributor employed. The results were correlated for short mass transfer lengths by the relationship $$Sh = 0.231(ScGa)^{\frac{1}{3}} (L/D_c )^{--0.194 _\varepsilon 0.246}$$ and for fully developed mass transfer by $$Sh_\infty = 0.256(ScGa)^{\frac{1}{3}} \varepsilon ^{0.254}$$
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01023300
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mass transfer to planar and expanded metal electrodes in bubble columns (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 18 (1988), S. 128-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Mass transfer rates at planar electrodes and electrodes of expanded metal placed in the centre of a bubble column were measured. The gas velocity and the physical properties of the electrolytic solutions were varied and different types of expanded metal were investigated. In some cases increases in the mass transfer coefficient over the planar electrode value of more than 100% were obtained. Dimensionless correlations are presented for the different systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01016216
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mass transfer to volumetric electrodes with two-phase flow (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 19 (1989), S. 100-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Experimental studies of mass transfer were conducted in stacked screens with a gas-liquid mixture flowing through the bed. Depending on the gas and liquid flow rates and on the geometric characteristics of the screens, different flow regimes are obtained. In the heterogeneous flow regime the gas phase controls mass transfer, meanwhile in the transition and bubbling flow regimes the influence of the liquid flow prevails. Appropriate dimensionless groups correlate the mass transfer coefficients with the pertinent variables for the different regimes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01039397
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Natural convection mass transfer at expanded metal electrodes of different structures (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 19 (1989), S. 940-942 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01007945
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mass transfer in annular electrolytic cells with gas stirring (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 21 (1991), S. 40-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Mass transfer towards the inner electrode and the wall electrode was studied in an annular cell stirred with an inert gas bubble flow. Experimental data obtained for the wall electrode follow the relationship found previously for circular cells; namely $$Sh = 0.231(ScGa)^{1/3} (L/D_e )^{ - 0.194_\varepsilon0.246}$$ Study of the influence of gas hold-up on the mass transfer rate towards the inner wall electrode has yielded the following relationship: $$Sh_\infty= 0.315(ScGa)^{1/3_\varepsilon0.231}$$
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01103827
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Die Reaktion von Borsäuremethylester mit Ammoniak und Aminen. I (1951)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 266 (1951), S. 161-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Bei der Umsetzung von Borsäuremethylester mit überschüssigem Ammoniak wurde das Anlagerungsprodukt H3N · B(OCH3)3 isoliert. Läßt man dagegen Ammoniak mit überschüssigem Ester reagieren, so werden Produkte erhalten, in denen eine Molekel Ammoniak mit bis zu vier Estern sich umgesetzt hat. Es wird ein allgemeines Schema für die Reaktion aufgestellt.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19512660402
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