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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 211 (1966), S. 612-614 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Fig. 1. The E.N.E. dislocation zone in central Malawi. The shaded bands represent probable extensions of the zone Fig. 2. The Mwembeshi-Chimaliro zone. The stippled areas are karroo sedimentary basins,partly fault-bounded Cooper's small-scale geological map of Malawi3 shows a major fracture in ...
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 64 (1975), S. 476-497 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The western end of the “Grupo Chichináutzin“, a segment of the east-west Mexican Volcanic Belt, contains 41 volcanic cones and associated lava flows, ranging in age from 8,390±100 to 40,000 years BP. There are two main cone types: cinder cones and cones made up mainly of lava blocks. The cone density is 0.1/km2 and the height range is 15 m–260 m with crater rim diameters of from 175 m to 500 m (mean 280 m). The relative ages of the volcanoes and flows were established using geomorphological parameters. With increasing age, height/width ratios decrease from 0.21 to 0.10 whilst the ratio of crater width to basal width increases from 0.40 to 0.83. Three of the cinder cones produced a total of 〉 0.75 km3 of ash covering 〉 200 km2. The other cone type appears to have erupted only small amounts of ash. The lava flows are of aa or block lava with an average thickness from 10 m to 70 m and a maximum length of 1 km to 13.5 km. The aspect ratio varies from 20 to 120. The younger, Holocene, flows, made up mainly of two-pyroxene andesites, are longer, thinner, and originally less viscous than the shorter, thicker flows from the older volcanoes which are relatively richer in olivine. The Holocene flows cover ∼ 115 km2 with a volume of ∼ 4.5 km3. The rocks contain 52% to 64% SiO2 and are essentially andesitic but some extremes could be classified as alkalic basalts and dacites. Sufficient parameters are available to characterize the “violent strombolian” eruptions of this volcano field, which show features of both hawaiian and normal strombolian activity.
    Abstract: Résumé L'extrémité occidentale du »Grupo Chichinäutzin«, une partie de la ceinture volcanique du Mexique de direction E-W, comporte 41 cÔnes volcaniques, avec coulées de lave dont l'âge va de 8.390±100 ans à 40.000 ans AP. Il y a deux types principaux de cÔnes: des cÔnes de scories et des cÔnes consistant surtout en lave à blocaux. La densité des cÔnes est 0,1/km2; leur différence de hauteur varie entre 15 m et 260 m, avec des diamètres entre bords de cratères de 175 m à 500 m (moyenne 280 m). L'âge relatif des volcans et des coulées a été établi d'après des paramètres géomorphologiques. Lorsque l'âge augmente, le rapport hauteur/largeur diminue de 0,21 à 0,10, tandis que le rapport entre la largeur du cratère et celle de la base augmente de 0,40 à 0,83. Trois des cÔnes de scories ont produit ensemble plus de 0,75 km3 de scories couvrant 〉200 km2. Les cÔnes de l'autre type semblent n'avoir produit que peu de cendres. Les coulées de lave ont une épaisseur moyenne de 10 m à 70 m et une longueur maximum de 1 km à 13,5 km. L'allongement par rapport à l'épaisseur varie de 20 à 120 Les coulées holocènes plus récentes, composées surtout d'andésite à deux pyroxènes, sont plus longues, plus minces, et à l'origine moins visqueuses que les coulées plus courtes et plus épaisses des volcans plus anciens, relativement plus riches en olivine. Les coulées holocènes couvrent ∼ 115 km2 avec un volume de ∼ 4,5 km3. Les roches contiennent 52% à 64% SiO2 et sont essentiellement andésitiques; mais quelques-unes pourraient Être classées comme des basaltes alcalins et des dacites alcalines. Il existe assez de paramètres pour décrire les éruptions »stromboliennes violentes« de cette zone volcanique, qui montrent les particularités de l'activité hawaÏenne et strombolienne normale.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das westliche Ende der Grupo „Chichináutzin“, eines Teiles des sich von Ost- nach West-Mexiko erstreckenden Vulkangürtels, umfa\t 41 Vulkankegel und deren Lavaströme, die ein Alter von 8,390±100 bis 40 000 Jahren vor der Gegenwart haben. Es gibt zwei bedeutende Kegeltypen: Schlackenkegel und Kegel, die hauptsächlich aus Schollenlava bestehen. Die Kegeldichte ist 0,1/km2, und der Höhenunterschied beträgt 15 m bis 260 m mit Kraterranddurchmessern von 175 m bis 500 m (im Durchschnitt 280 m). Die Verwendung der geomorphologischen Parameter bestätigte die relativen Alter der Vulkane und Ströme. Wenn das Alter zunimmt, nehmen die Höhe/Breite-Verhältnisse von 0,21 bis 0,10 ab, während das Verhältnis von Kraterbreite/Basalbreite von 0,40 bis 0,83 zunimmt. Drei der Schlackenkegel hatten ein Gesamtprodukt von 〉 0,75 km3 Asche, die 〉 200 km2 bedeckt. Scheinbar hat der andere Kegeltyp nur wenig Asche gefördert. Die Lavaströme bestehen aus Schollen oder Zackenlava mit einer Durchschnittsdicke von 10 m bis 70 m und einer Länge von 1 km bis 13,5 km. Die Beziehung grö\te Länge zu Dicke verändert sich von 20 zu 120. Die jüngeren Holozänströme, die hauptsächlich aus zweipyroxenen Andesiten bestehen, sind länger, dünner und ursprünglich weniger viskos als die kürzeren, dickeren Ströme aus den älteren Vulkanen, die verhältnismä\ig reicher an Olivin sind. Die Holozänströme bedecken ∼ 115 km2 mit einem Volumen von ∼ 4,5 km3. Die Gesteine enthalten 52% bis 64% SiO2 und sind im wesentlichen andesitisch, aber einige könnten als Alkalibasalte und Alkalidazite klassifiziert werden. Es gibt genügend Parameter, um „die heftigen Strombolieruptionen“ dieses vulkanischen Feldes zu beschreiben. Diese Eruptionen zeigen Besonderheiten von Hawaiiund normaler Strombolitätigkeit.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 66 (1977), S. 120-146 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The Lower and Upper Toluca Pumice Formations are dacitic airfall deposits that were erupted about 24,500 yr BP and 11,600 yr BP respectively. The Lower Toluca Pumice covers about 400 km2, with a volume of 0.33 km3 (dense rock equivalent 0.16 km3) within the 10 cm isopach, and has a northeast-trending dispersal fan. The Upper Toluca Pumice covers more than 2,000 km2, has a volume of 2.3 km3 within the 40 cm isopach, and an estimated total volume of 3.5 km3 (dense rock equivalent 1.54 km3). Its symmetrical dispersal fan trends N 65° E. The Inman parameters, median diameter (Mdϕ) and deviation (σϕ), together with the fragmentation indices, derived from granulometric studies of samples from 23 pumice sections, show that both eruptions were of Pliniantype. The particle-size distribution, compared with a simple mathematical model of a Plinian eruption, provides an approximate indication of the eruptive conditions during the deposition of the coarsest part of the Lower Member of the Upper Toluca Pumice. Computations give a muzzle velocity of 500 m/sec from a circular vent 260 m in diameter, a mean horizontal windspeed of 16.2 m/sec and an eruptive cloud 40 km high, with a maximum rate of release of kinetic energy of 6 × 1019 erg/sec. The younger eruption released about ten times more kinetic energy than the older.
    Abstract: Résumé Les formations inférieures et supérieures de Ponce de Toluca sont des dépôts dacitiques d'origine aérienne, qui ont été émis il y a environ 24,500 ans AP et 11,600 ans AP respectivement. Le »Lower Toluca Pumice«, qui couvre environ 400 km2, avec un volume de 0.33 km3 (équivalent à 0.16 km3 de roche compacte) dans I'isopaque de Pumice«, couvre plus de 2000 km2, a un volume de 2.3 km3 dans l'isopaque de 40 cm, et un volume global estimé à 3.5 km3 (équivalent à 1.54 km3 de roche compacte). Son éventail symétrique de dispersion est dirigé vers N 65° E. Les paramètres Inman, le diamètre médian (Mdϕ) et la déviation (σϕ), comme aussi les indices de fragmentation tirés des études granulométriques d'échantillons de 23 profils de ponce, montrent que ces deux éruptions étaient du type plinien. La distribution granulométrique des particules comparée à un modèle mathématique simple d'une éruption plinienne, fournit une indication approximative des conditions d'éruption pendant le dépôt de la fraction la plus grossière du membre inférieur du »Upper Toluca Pumice«. Des calculs donnent une vitesse initiale de 500 m/sec à partir d'un évent circulaire de 260 m de diamètre, une vitesse horizontale de vent de 16.2 m/sec et une nuée éruptive de 40 km de hauteur, avec une degré maximum de libération d'énergie cinétique de 6 × 1019 erg/sec. L'éruption plus récente a libéré environ dix fois plus d'énergie cinétique que l'éruption plus ancienne.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Unteren und die Oberen Bimssteine des Toluca sind dacitische air fall-Ablagerungen, die vor etwa 24 500 bzw. 11 600 Jahren gefördert wurden. Der „Lower Toluca Pumice“ bedeckt ungefähr 400 km2 und hat ein Volumen von rund 0,33 km3 (porenfrei gerechnet von 0,16 km3). Nach der 10-cm-Mächtigkeitskurve zeigt er einen nordostgerichteten Verbreitungsfächer. Der „Upper Toluca Pumice“ bedeckt mehr als 2000 km2; sein Volumen beträgt rund 2,3 km3, wenn man die 40-cm-Mächtigkeitskurve zugrundelegt. Das Gesamtvolumen dürfte bei 3,5 km3 (porenfrei gerechnet bei 1,54 km3) liegen. Sein symmetrischer Verbreitungsfächer hat die Richtung N 65° E. Die INMAN-Parameter, Median (Mdϕ) und Sortierung (σϕ), zusammen mit dem Zerkleinerungs-Index von granulometrischen Analysen aus 23 Bimssteinprofilen zeigen, daß beide Ausbrüche dem plinianischen Typ zuzuordnen sind. Die Korngrößen-Verteilung, verglichen mit einem einfachen mathematischen Modell, gibt einen annähernden Hinweis auf den Ausbruchsverlauf während der Ablagerung der gröbsten Anteile des unteren Teils der „Upper Toluca Pumice“-Serie. Nach Berechnungen ergibt sich eine Anfangsgeschwindigkeit der Eruption von 500 m/sek aus einem annähernd runden Schlot mit einem Durchmesser von 260 m, sowie eine horizontale Durchschnittswindgeschwindigkeit von 16,2 m/sek und eine Höhe der Eruptionswolke von 40 km. Die freigewordene kinetische Energie betrug rund 6 X 1019 erg/sek. Die jüngere Eruption dagegen hatte zehnmal mehr kinetische Energie als die ältere.
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2016-04-06
    Description: Plant respiration constitutes a massive carbon flux to the atmosphere, and a major control on the evolution of the global carbon cycle. It therefore has the potential to modulate levels of climate change due to the human burning of fossil fuels. Neither current physiological nor terrestrial biosphere models adequately describe...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2016-10-12
    Description: Using an empirical approach, we report that the slope of the short-term log-transformed leaf respiration (R)–temperature (T) curves declines with increasing leaf T in a manner that is uniform across biomes (1); the results have utility for modeling carbon fluxes in terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs). The use of an empirical...
    Keywords: Letters
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2015-07-24
    Description: Aims Our study quantified the combined effects of fertilization and inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on grain yield and allocation of biomass and nutrients in field-grown rice ( Oryza sativa L.). Methods A two-factor experiment was conducted at a field site in northeast of China (in Shuangcheng, Heilongjiang Province, Songhua River basin): six nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium fertilizer levels were provided (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% of the local norm of fertilizer supply), with or without inoculation with Glomus mosseae . At maturity, we quantified the percentage of root length colonization by AMF, grain yield, shoot:root ratios, shoot N and P contents and nutrients allocated to panicles, leaves and stems. Important Findings As expected, inoculation resulted in greatly increased AMF colonization, which in turn led to higher shoot:root ratios and greater shoot N contents. Shoot:root ratios of inoculated rice increased with increasing fertilization while there was a significant interaction between fertilization and inoculation on shoot:root ratio. Additionally, AMF inoculation increased panicle:shoot ratios, panicle N:shoot N ratios and panicle P:shoot P ratios, especially in plants grown at low fertilizer levels. Importantly, inoculated rice exhibited higher grain yield, with the maximum improvement (near 62%) at the lower fertilizer end. Our results showed that (i) AMF-inoculated plants conform to the functional equilibrium theory, albeit to a reduced extent compared to non-inoculated plants and (ii) AMF inoculation resulted in greater allocation of shoot biomass to panicles and increased grain yield by stimulating N and P redistribution to panicles.
    Print ISSN: 1752-993X
    Electronic ISSN: 1752-9921
    Topics: Biology
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2005-06-01
    Print ISSN: 0375-6505
    Electronic ISSN: 1879-3576
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 1981-08-01
    Print ISSN: 0301-9268
    Electronic ISSN: 1872-7433
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1973-11-01
    Description: SummaryPotassium-argon age determinations on rocks from the Sierra de San Carlos, State of Tamaulipas, México, which are petrographically very similar to other bodies in north-eastern México and the south-central U.S.A., indicate that a NW-trending zone of alkaline complexes, at least 1,400 km in length, stretches from the Gulf coast to southern New Mexico. This zone may be structurally related to the parallel, but somewhat younger, Rio Grande rift.
    Print ISSN: 0016-7568
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-5081
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2014-06-13
    Description: Forest and savanna are the two dominant vegetation types of the tropical regions with very few tree species common to both. Aside from precipitation patterns, boundaries between these two vegetation types are strongly determined by soil characteristics and nutrient availability. For tree species drawn from a range of forest and savanna sites in tropical far north Queensland, Australia, we compared leaf traits of photosynthetic capacity, structure and nutrient concentrations. Area-based photosynthetic capacity was higher for the savanna species with a steeper slope to the photosynthesis ↔ Nitrogen relationship compared with the forest group. Higher leaf mass per unit leaf area for the savanna trees derived from denser rather than thicker leaves and did not appear to restrict rates of light-saturated photosynthesis when expressed on either an area- or mass-basis. Median ratios of foliar N to phosphorus were above 20 at all sites, but we found no evidence for a dominant P-limitation of photosynthesis for the forest group. A parsimonious mixed-effects model of area-based photosynthetic capacity retained vegetation type and both N and P as explanatory terms. Resulting model-fitted predictions suggested a good fit to the observed data (R2 = 0.82). The model's random component found variation in area-based photosynthetic response to be much greater among species (71% of response variance) than across sites (9%). These results suggest that in leaf area-based photosynthetic terms, savanna trees of far north Queensland, Australia are capable of out-performing forest species at their common boundaries1. 1 Adopted symbols and abbreviations are defined in Table 5.
    Print ISSN: 1810-6277
    Electronic ISSN: 1810-6285
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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