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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1974 (1974), S. 809-820 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Elimination Reactions of S,S′-Dimethyl-1,4-dithianium SaltsOn heating a t 140°C with potassium bromide in dimethyl formamide, 2,5-bis(methoxycarbonyl)-S,S′-dimethyl-l,4-dithianium difluoroborate (6) yields methyl 2-(methylthio)acrylate (3a, formed by a normal Hofmann elimination reaction) and 20% of methyl 2,3-bis(methyl- thio)acrylate (4a) in addition to other products. Analogous elimination reactions are also observed with S,S′-dimethyl-1,4-dithianium difluoroborate (9), albeit to a far smaller extent; demethylation of 9 to yield 1,4-dithiane then predominates. Treatment of 9 with phenyllithium yields acetaldehyde dimethyl thioacetal (13) besides normal elimination products. The formation of the thioacetal 13 is explained in terms of a ring contraction of an ylid (formed as primary product of the reaction of 9 with phenyllithium) to yield 1,2,3-trimethyl-1,3-dithiolanium ion. This mechanism appears probable in the light of corresponding reactions of 1,2,3-trimethyl-l,3-dithiolanium difluoroborate (19).
    Notes: 2,5-Bis(methoxycarbonyl)-S,S′-dimethyl-l,4-dithianium-difluoroborat (6) liefert mit Kaliumbromid in Dimethylformamid bei ca. 140°C neben 2-(Methylthio)acrylsäure-methylester (3a, entstanden im Sinne einer normalen Hofmann-Eliminierungsreaktion) in 20proz. Ausbeute 2,3-Bis(methylthio)acrylsäure-methylester (4a) neben anderen Produkten. Analoge Eliminierungsreaktionen werden auch bei S,S′-Dimethyl-l,4-dithianium-difluoroborat (9) beobachtet, allerdings in erheblich geringerem Umfang; hier ist die Entmethylierung zu 1,4-Dithian die Hauptreaktion. Bei Einwirkung von Phenyllithium auf 9 entsteht außer normalen Eliminierungsprodukten auch Acetaldehyd-dimethylthioacetal (13), dessen Bildung durch eine Ringkontraktion des primär aus 9 entstehenden Ylids zu 1,2,3-Trimethyl-1,3-dithiolaniumion erklärt wird. Dieser Mechanismus wird durch entsprechende Umsetzungen von 1,2,3- Trimethyl-1,3-dithiolanium-difluoroborat (19) wahrscheinlich gemacht.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
  • 3
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    Springer Nature | Palgrave Macmillan
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: This is an open access book. The start of the 21st century has seen the world shaken by protests, from the Arab Spring to the Yellow Vests, from the Occupy movement to the social uprisings in Latin America. There are periods in history when large numbers of people have rebelled against the way things are, demanding change, such as in 1848, 1917, and 1968. Today we are living in another time of outrage and discontent, a time that has already produced some of the largest protests in world history. This book analyzes almost three thousand protests that occurred between 2006 and 2020 in 101 countries covering over 93 per cent of the world population. The study focuses on the major demands driving world protests, such as those for real democracy, jobs, public services, social protection, civil rights, global justice, and those against austerity and corruption. It also analyzes who was demonstrating in each protest; what protest methods they used; who the protestors opposed; what was achieved; whether protests were repressed; and trends such as inequality and the rise of women’s and radical right protests. The book concludes that the demands of protestors in most of the protests surveyed are in full accordance with human rights and internationally agreed-upon UN development goals. The book calls for policy-makers to listen and act on these demands.
    Keywords: Open Access ; Protests ; social movements ; campaigns ; demonstrations ; riots ; democracy ; austerity ; civil rights ; social justice ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government::JPS International relations
    Language: English
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