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  • 1
    ISSN: 1520-4804
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of ornithology 115 (1974), S. 273-288 
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the hummingbirdsColibri coruscans andAmazilia fimbriata hovering at simulated altitude (reduced pressure) was studied. At altitude oxygen uptake during hovering is slightly increased when compared to sea level — 6–8% up to 4000 m height (0,6 atm). Data of single flights up to 6000 m (0,46 atm) are in the range of sea level values (Fig. 6). The recorded data appear to be the highest so far measured in homeotherms: 40 ml O2/g · h at P02 of 73 mm Hg and 50 ml CO2/g · h at PB of 350 mm Hg. In mammals maximum gas exchange is always reduced at such low pressures. Oxygen supply was partly achieved by increased respiratory frequency. The velocity of increase of respiratory exchange after take-off is similar at sea level and altitude conditions: 10–15 sec after take-off gas exchange can have stabilized. To maintain the thrust at reduced pressure the temporary volume of the induced wind through the wings is to be increased. This is achieved by increasing amplitude of flapping, angular velocity and geometric angle of attack of the wings (Figs. 2–5). The wing frequency remains unchanged. These adaptations are compatible with the small increase of metabolism.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An den KolibriartenColibri coruscans undAmazilia fimbriata wurde der Schwirrflug unter Höhenbedingungen (Unterdruck) untersucht. Die O2-Aufnahme im Flug ist in der Höhe im Vergleich zu Meereshöhe nur wenig erhöht: bis zu 4100 m (=0,60 atm) im Mittel 6–8%. Einzelwerte von Flügen bis zu 6000 m (0,46 atm) lagen noch im Bereich der Werte bei normalem Luftdruck (Abb. 6). Als höchste bisher bei Warmblütern nachgewiesene Größen sind 40 ml O2/g · h bei einem P02 von 73 mm Hg und 50 ml CO2/g · h bei einem PB von 350 mm Hg anzusehen. Bei Säugetieren war stets eine Abnahme des maximalen Umsatzes bei so niedrigen Drucken zu finden. Die O2-Versorgung wird in der Höhe nur zu einem kleinen Teil durch Erhöhung der Atemfrequenz erreicht. Die Geschwindigkeit der Umsatzsteigerung beim Flugbeginn ist unter Normal- und Höhenbedingungen ähnlich: 10–15 sec nach dem Start kann sich der Gaswechsel stabilisiert haben. Um den Schub bei niedrigem Druck aufrecht zu erhalten, muß das zeitliche Volumen des Hubstrahles vergrößert werden. Das geschieht durch Vergrößerung von Schlagwinkel, Winkelgeschwindigkeit und geometrischem Anstellwinkel der Flügel; die Schlagfrequenz bleibt dagegen unverändert (Abb. 2–5). Diese Anpassungen stehen im Einklang mit der geringen Zunahme des Gesamtumsatzes.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of ornithology 109 (1968), S. 418-420 
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The Fulmar exhibits the typical manner of flight of the Albatross which has often been designated as dynamic soaring. Our observations on the single components of this flight refute the supposition that there is sufficient yield of dynamic energy. It is supposed that the lift which enables the the birds to make these maneuvers is obtained as the lowest part of the flight.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Eissturmvogel zeigt die typische Flugweise des Albatros, die vielfach als dynamischer Segelflug bezeichnet wird. Unsere Beobachtungen über die Einzelkomponenten des Fluges widerlegen jedoch, daß ein ausreichender dynamischer Energiegewinn vorliegt. Es wird angenommen, daß die Vögel die für die Flugmanöver notwendige Auftriebsenergie im niedrigen Teil der Flugbahn gewinnen.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of ornithology 113 (1972), S. 161-169 
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary During formation flight in large birds, aerodynamic advantage (reduction of flight work) is assumed by several authors. Usually a phase relationship of wing beats is presupposed in the birds following each other. The analysis of moving pictures from Grey-lag goose,Anser anser, White-fronted Goose,A. albifrons, Bean Goose,A. fabalis, and Goosander,Mergus merganser, demonstrate formation flight without constant phase relationship of wing beats. In a formation, single birds vary their wing frequency without reference to wing beats of ahead flying birds. The mean frequency of wing beats exhibits individual variation. The variety of formations — different angles and distances of individuals — as well as independency of wing beats of single birds is not explained by any theory in which aerodynamic facilitation of flight is assumed. Therefore that theory appears most probable in which formation flight is caused by best optical contact and least risk of collision.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In den meisten Veröffentlichungen über den Formationsflug werden aerodynamische Vorteile angenommen, wobei zum Teil eine Phasenkopplung der Flügelschläge der einander folgenden Individuen gefordert wird. Analysen von Filmaufnahmen von Graugänsen, Bläßgansen, Saatgänsen und Gänsesägern belegen, daß die Vögel eine Flugformation einhalten, ohne daß eine Phasenbeziehung der Flügelschläge besteht. Die einzelnen Vögel einer Formation ändern öfter ihre Schlagfrequenz, und zwar ohne Bezug auf den Flügelschlag des vorausfliegenden Vogels. Die mittlere Schlagfrequenz einzelner Tiere variiert individuell. Die Vielfalt der Formationsbilder (verschiedene Winkel zur Flugrichtung und unterschiedliche Abstände der Individuen) sowie die hier bewiesene Phasenunabhängigkeit passen in keine der Theorien, die aerodynamische Vorteile annehmen. Daher scheint die Theorie des günstigsten optischen Kontaktes und der geringsten Kollisionsgefahr die wahrscheinlichste zu sein.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1573-0646
    Keywords: oxazaphosphorines ; chemotherapeutic activity ; myelotoxicity ; DNA-damage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This study compares the two oxazaphosphorine compounds ASTA Z 7557 (AZ) and cyclophosphamide (CP) in their therapeutic activity as well as in their myelotoxicity and DNA damage being induced after a single intraperitoneal injection. Therapeutic activity was determined towards methylnitrosourea-induced rat mammary carcinomas in vivo and in vitro, resulting in comparable efficacy of both compounds at their optimal doses, respectively, with the sensitivity of individual tumors being reflected by the degree of inhibition of 3H-thymidine uptake of these cells in vitro. Myelotoxicity was measured as inhibition of pluripotent (CFU-S) and macrophage-granulocyte committed (CFU-C) stem cells together with the extent of single strand breaks and DNA-DNA interstrand crosslinks in murine bone marrow. At equimolar base AZ was found to induce a higher level of DNA damage than CP in the bone marrow of mice 16 hours after a single intraperitoneal injection. Both compounds depressed the pluripotent stem cell compartment of the bone marrow to a similar extent, whereas AZ was significantly less toxic to the granulocyte cell lineage.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-0646
    Keywords: experimental chemotherapy ; ASTA Z 7557 ; cyclophosphamide ; AKR lymphoma ; autochthonous leukemias ; autochthonous mammary carcinomas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The antineoplastic activities of ASTA Z 7557 and cyclophosphamide (CPA) were compared in advanced transplanted AKR lymphoma by determining the optimal dose using single dose and twofold applications. Autochthonous DMBA-induced leukemias and MNU-induced mammary carcinomas were treated with fractionated doses over 3 and 5 weeks, respectively. In the respective optimal dosages ASTA Z 7557 exhibited an antitumor effect comparable to that of CPA in all three models. The results obtained by treatment of the autochthonous models indicate that Z 7557 seems to have advantages over CPA in the treatment of malignancies with impaired bone marrow function as for instance acute leukemias and in fractionated dose schedules.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-0646
    Keywords: bisphosphonates ; cytostatic agents ; therapeutic efficacy ; genotoxicity ; DNA-amplification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two new aromatic bis-(2-chloroethyl)-amino derivatives (BCMP and BAD) which are linked to osteotropic bisphosphonates were investigated for their therapeutical efficacy in rat osteosarcoma. Furthermore their genotoxic potential in vitro was determined in S. typhimurium and in mammalian cells. Finally, parameters for toxicity and genotoxicity were determined in liver and bone marrow cells following in vivo treatment. It was shown that BAD was of higher therapeutic effectiveness than BCMP. Both compounds induced approximately a two fold increase of his+ revertants in S. typhimurium TA1535 following metabolic activation by subcellular liver fractions. Both compounds also induced amplification of SV40 DNA in SV40 transformed cells (CO631). This endpoint may be of importance for acquired resistancy of cells during therapy. DNA-single strand breaks were induced by BCMP but not by BAD in liver cells and CO631 cell line. Following in vivo treatment BCMP was of higher genotoxic activity in liver cells than BAD. In comparison, genotoxicity of both compounds was much lower in bone marrow cells than in liver cells. BCMP was again more potent than BAD in inducing DNA single strand breaks, whereas BAD was more toxic. The higher therapeutic efficacy of BAD together with its lower genotoxic properties makes this compound superior to BCMP as a candidate for applied chemotherapy in humans.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 56 (1962), S. 163-174 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A photometric method for measuring the swelling of polymers in solvents from zero time to equilibrium has been described. The method consists in following continually the growing “shadow” of the specimen as it imbides the solvent. Equipment details and method of operation are discussed. Typical swelling-time curves for butyl vulcanizates are reported. These serve as examples of the rapidity and reproducibility of the method and also as demonstrations of the completeness of solvent uptake. Essential agreement between the results on volume swelling at equilibrium obtained by the photometric method and by the conventional gravimetric method is observed. The new method is important in that the rate of swelling can be measured. Its use in this regard in studying the diffusion of liquids in polymers will be referred to subsequent papers in this series.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 56 (1962), S. 175-188 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Data from complete swelling-time curves for crosslinked polymers in solvents are used to calculate diffusion coefficients for the penetrant at 25°C. Diffusion coefficients for constant diffusion and concentration-dependent diffusion are obtained from Fick's law in a manner similar to that employed by Crank. For concentration-dependent diffusion, solutions of solvent and nonsolvent in various proportions (cyclohexane and acetone for butyl vulcanizates) was employed. Although it is known that some of the nonsolvent is sorbed by the polymer from the solvent-nonsolvent solution, the method still is applicable, in form, for determination of the diffusion coefficient of the solvent at zero solvent concentration. The sorption of liquid by the elastomer is shown to be a rather sharp advancing front, with the concentration of penetrant at the center of the sample remaining nearly zero until equilibrium is approached. This behavior is a direct consequence of the exponential dependence of diffusion on concentration.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Gegenstand dieser Open Access Publikation sind die Auswirkungen automatisierter und vernetzter Fahrzeuge auf die Europäische Stadt sowie die Voraussetzungen, unter denen diese Technologie einen positiven Beitrag zur Stadtentwicklung leisten kann. Dabei vertreten die Autorinnen und Autoren zwei Thesen, die im wissenschaftlichen Diskurs bislang wenig Beachtung fanden: Automatisierte und vernetzte Fahrzeuge werden sich für lange Zeit nicht in allen Teilräumen der Stadt durchsetzen. Dies hat zur Folge, dass bislang angenommene Wirkungen - von der Verkehrssicherheit bis zur Verkehrsleistung sowie räumliche Effekte - neu bewertet werden müssen. Um einen positiven Beitrag dieser Technologie zur Mobilität der Zukunft sicherzustellen, müssen verkehrs- und siedlungspolitische Regulationen weiterentwickelt werden. Etablierte territoriale, institutionelle und organisatorische Grenzen sind zeitnah zu hinterfragen. Trotz oder wegen der bestehenden großen Unsicherheiten befinden wir uns am Beginn einer Phase des Gestaltens - in der Technologieentwicklung, aber eben auch in der Politik, Stadtplanung, Verwaltung und der Zivilgesellschaft. Die Autorinnen und Autoren Ein interdisziplinäres Team an der Fakultät für Architektur und Raumplanung der TU Wien hat die vorliegenden Forschungsergebnisse gemeinsam erarbeitet. Das Projekt wurde als Ladenburger Kolleg von der Daimler und Benz Stiftung gefördert.
    Keywords: Automotive Engineering ; Automatisiertes Fahren ; Automatisiertes und vernetztes Fahren ; Autonomes Fahren ; Verkehrswende ; Stadtentwicklung ; Europäische Stadt ; Open Access ; Automotive technology & trades ; Automotive (motor mechanic) skills ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TR Transport technology and trades::TRC Automotive technology and trades
    Language: German
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    Format: image/jpeg
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