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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2021-07-26
    Description: We present new geochemical and isotopic data for rock samples from two island arc volcanoes, Erromango and Vulcan Seamount, and from a 500 m thick stratigraphic profile of lava flows exposed on the SW flank of Vate Trough back-arc rift of the New Hebrides Island Arc (NHIA). The basalts from the SW rift flank of Vate Trough have ages of ~0.5 Ma but are geochemically similar to those erupting along the active back-arc rift. The weak subduction component in the back-arc basalts implies formation by decompression melting during early rifting and rifting initiation by tectonic processes rather than by lithosphere weakening by arc magma. Melting beneath Vate Trough is probably caused by chemically heterogeneous and hot mantle that flows in from the North Fiji Basin in the east. The melting zone beneath Vate Trough back-arc is separate from that of the arc front, but a weak slab component suggests fluid transport from the slab. Immobile incompatible element ratios in South NHIA lavas overlap with those of the Vate Trough depleted back-arc basalts, suggesting that enriched mantle components are depleted by back-arc melting during mantle flow. The slab component varies from hydrous melts of subducted sediments in the Central NHIA to fluids from altered basalts in the South NHIA. The volcanism of Erromango shows constant compositions for 5 million years, that is, there is no sign for variable depletion of the mantle or for a change of slab components due to collision of the D'Entrecasteaux Ridge as in lava successions further north.
    Keywords: 551.9 ; subduction zone ; back-arc basalt ; sediment subduction
    Language: English
    Type: article
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Earth and Planetary Science Letters 121 (1994), S. 629-638 
    ISSN: 0012-821X
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Earth and Planetary Science Letters 14 (1972), S. 70-72 
    ISSN: 0012-821X
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Earth and Planetary Science Letters 23 (1974), S. 53-58 
    ISSN: 0012-821X
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Earth and Planetary Science Letters 14 (1972), S. 249-254 
    ISSN: 0012-821X
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les données pétrologiques et géochimiques montrent clairement que les péridotites ont un caractère fortement résiduel. Les fortes teneurs en Cr# [Cr#= 100*Cr/(Cr+Al)] du spinelle (〉 60) associées aux très faibles concentrations en terres rares lourdes sur roche totale (〈0.1 aux valeurs chondritiques) témoignent de fort taux de fusion (25 à 35%) que l'on rencontre habituellement dans les contextes de subduction. Les enrichissements importants en TiO2 des spinelles et clinopyroxènes secondaires des peridotites (〉 1 % et 0.5%, respectivement) sent interprétés comme résultant de phénomènes d'imprégnations importants entre les péridotites et des liquides magmatiques. Les fortes concentrations en terres rares légères des péridotites (proches des valeurs chondritiques) associées aux fortes anomalies en Nb, Sr, Zr, et Hf suggerent que ces liquides étaient de nature boninitique. Les basaltes et les cumulats gabbroïques dérivent de la cristallisation de liquides tholéiitiques de type MORB. Leurs fortes anomalies en Nb, suggerènt cependant une origine dans un bassin arrière-arc De nouvelles datations isotopiques40K40Ar obtenues sur les basaltes arrière-arch (29 Ma) et les boninites (43 Ma) montrent que le massif des Cyclops s' est probablement formé dans un contexte de zone de subduction impliquant une subduction vers le Sud de la lithosphere océanique australienne sous la marge nord australienne. Les péridotites et laves associées (boninites) se seraient formées à l'Eocène dans un bassin avant-arc, avant d'être obductées au Miocène sur l'are situé plus au sud. Les rétrochevauchements Pliocène ont conduit aux charriages tardifs du bassin arrière-arc sur l'arc et le bassin avant-arc.
    Notes: Summary The Cyclops massif (Irian Jaya - Western Indonesia) displays all components of an ophiolitic sequence including residual mantle peridotites (harzburgites and dunites), cumulate gabbros, dolerites, normal mid-oceanic ridge basalts (N-MORB) and minor amounts of boninitic lavas. This ophiolitic series tectonically overlies high temperature (HT)-high pressure (HP) mafic rocks metamorphosed during the Miocene. Mineral chemistry and bulk rock rare-earth element (REE) abundances of the peridotites are characteristic of highly residual mantle rocks. The high Cr# [Cr#=100*Cr/(Cr+Al)] of spinel (up to 60) and very low heavy rare-earth element (HREE) concentrations of peridotites (〈 0.1 time the chondritic values) are in agreement with residues of 25 to 35% melting as expected for peridotites from supra-subduction zone environments. Ti-enrichments in spinels and secondary clinopyroxenes (up to 1%, and 0.5%, respectively) are likely a consequence of reaction between mantle-derived melts and the host peridotites. High light rare-earth element (LREE) concentrations reaching up to chondritic values and high field strength element (HFSE) anomalies suggest that the initial composition of the residual peridotites has been previously modified by the passage of boninitic melt(s). The associated basalts and related cumulate rocks display major and trace element contents with Nb-negative anomalies typical of back-arc magmas. New40K/40Ar isotopic ages obtained from the back-arc basin basalts (BABB - 29 Ma) and boninites (43 Ma) combined with the geochemical signatures of the rocks studied here, indicate that the Cyclops Mountains may have formed in a single suprasubduction environment. This implies southward plunging subduction of the Australian oceanic lithosphere beneath the northern part of the Australian margin. The ultramafic rocks and related lavas (boninites) likely formed during the Eocene in a forearc environment, before their southward obduction onto the island arc crustal welt during the early Miocene. The Pliocene back-thrusting event has led to the slicing of the backarc basin series onto the arc and fore-arc sequences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 69 (1980), S. 49-62 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Twelve new datings specify some further details about the magmatic and the structural framework of the Western Rift of Central Africa. They concern alkaline intrusions of the rift border and lavas from Southern Kivu, Southern and Western Virunga. The intrusions have Cambrian, Permian, Cretaceous and Paleocene ages. They are related to the great crustal faults followed by the rift. The early lavas, sub-alkaline basalts, appear in Southern Kivu at the Eocene. They are followed by alkaline basalts, at the Miocene, and then at the lower Pleistocene. To the north, some earlier volcanic remains of alkaline sodic composition have upper Oligocene ages in Northern Idjwi, and middle and upper Miocene ages in Western Virunga. They preceded the potassic, leucitic and nephelinitic volcanism of Virunga which appears at the end of the Pliocene and is still active. We discuss about the chronological magmatic and structural evolution.
    Abstract: Résumé Douze nouvelles datations donnent quelques précisions sur l'histoire magmatique et structurale du rift-ouest de l'Afrique Centrale. Elles concernent des intrusions alcalines situées en bordure du rift et des laves du Sud-Kivu, du sud et de l'ouest des Virunga. Les intrusions alcalines sont datées du Cambrien, Permien, Crétacé et Paléocène. Elles sont liées à des grandes cassures crustales empruntées par le rift. Les premières laves, des basaltes sub-alcalins, apparaissent au Sud-Kivu à l'Eocène. Elles sont suivies par des basaltes alcalins, au Miocène puis au Pléistocène inférieur. Plus au nord, des lambeaux de volcanisme ancien sont datés de l'Oligocène supérieur, au Nord-Idjwi, et du Miocène moyen et supérieur, à l'ouest des Virunga. Ce sont des laves alcalines sodiques. Elles sont antérieures au volcanisme potassique, leucitique et néphélinitique des Virunga apparu à la fin du Pliocène, et encore actif. L'évolution chronologique du magmatisme et de la structure est discutée.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zwölf neue Datierungen bestimmen genauer die magmatische und strukturelle Geschichte des Westrifts von Zentralafrika. Sie betreffen am Rand des Rifts liegende alkalische Intrusionen und Laven in Südkivu, südlich und westlich der Virunga. Die alkalischen Intrusionen datieren vom Kambrium, dem Perm, der Kreidezeit und dem Paläozän. Sie stehen in Beziehung zu den vom Rifting gewählten großen Erdrinderissen. Die ersten Laven, subalkalische Basalte, entstehen im Eozän im Südkivu. Dann kommen alkalische Basalte im Miozän und am Unterpleistozän. Nördlicher datieren ältere Vulkanausbrüche vom Oberoligozän im Nordidjwi und vom mittleren Miozän und höheren Miozän westlich der Virunga. Es sind alkalische Natronlaven. Sie sind älter als der kaliumreiche Vulkanismus mit Leucit und Nephelin des am Ende des Pliozäns entstandenen und noch aktiven Vulkanismus. Die chronologische Entwicklung des Magmatismus und der tektonischen Strukturen wird diskutiert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 248 (1974), S. 749-751 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The best studied example is the Hawaiian volcanic island chain. More recently, Wilson and Burke4 have proposed a hot spot origin for many volcanic structures on ocean floors and on continents. So the concept of hot spots cannot always correspond to a deep mantle plume but may be related to a ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2015-09-30
    Description: Despite the increasing knowledge about DNA methylation, the understanding of human epigenome evolution is in its infancy. Using whole genome bisulfite sequencing we identified hundreds of differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in humans compared to non-human primates and estimated that ~25% of these regions were detectable throughout several human tissues. Human DMRs were enriched for specific histone modifications and the majority were located distal to transcription start sites, highlighting the importance of regions outside the direct regulatory context. We also found a significant excess of endogenous retrovirus elements in human-specific hypomethylated. We reported for the first time a close interplay between inter-species genetic and epigenetic variation in regions of incomplete lineage sorting, transcription factor binding sites and human differentially hypermethylated regions. Specifically, we observed an excess of human-specific substitutions in transcription factor binding sites located within human DMRs, suggesting that alteration of regulatory motifs underlies some human-specific methylation patterns. We also found that the acquisition of DNA hypermethylation in the human lineage is frequently coupled with a rapid evolution at nucleotide level in the neighborhood of these CpG sites. Taken together, our results reveal new insights into the mechanistic basis of human-specific DNA methylation patterns and the interpretation of inter-species non-coding variation.
    Print ISSN: 0305-1048
    Electronic ISSN: 1362-4962
    Topics: Biology
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2013-06-01
    Description: Peña de Bernal is a natural monument located near the town of Bernal, in Querétaro State, central Mexico. It is one of the tallest monoliths of the world, with a maximum height of 433 m. Peña de Bernal was recently declared Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity Patrimony by United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). In spite of being both a natural and cultural monument, little is known about its origin, physical characteristics, and chemical composition. It is a leucocratic-igneous rock intruding marine Mesozoic sedimentary rocks and has been misinterpreted as a pluton of Eocene or older age. However, this study shows that Peña de Bernal is a dacitic dome with SiO 2 = 67 wt% and an age of 8.7 ± 0.2 Ma. The complete Peña de Bernal body includes three plugs that crop out in an ~3.5 x 1.5 km area elongated N40°E. Texture of the rock is porphyritic, nearly holocrystalline (80 vol% crystals and 20 vol% glass), with a mineral assemblage of pyroxene, hornblende, biotite, plagioclase, and quartz, plus accessory apatite and zircon. Peña de Bernal dacite is a spine-type endogenous dome that was forcefully intruded through the Mesozoic sequence practically as a solid plug.
    Electronic ISSN: 1553-040X
    Topics: Geosciences
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