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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 51 (1979), S. 287-310 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The reactivity of the SH-group essential for ouabain-resistant Na+−Li+ (and Na+−Na+) exchange and its location within the membrane are studied on human and beef erythrocytes and beef red cell ghosts. N-ethylmalcimide (NEM), 1,6-hexane dimaleimide, and iodoacetamide can induce an irreversible, partial inhibition of Na+−Li+ exchange in erythrocytes of the two species. The development of the inhibition due to the alkylating agents is greatly accelerated by external Na+ and Li+. The inhibition takes 3 min (NEM) and 60 min (iodoacetamide) to come to completion in isotonic Na+ media, but is hardly detectable in choline+, K+ or Mg2+ media. The transport site of the exchange system and the site promoting NEM binding exhibit similar affinities for external Na+. The impermeable, monofunctional glutathione derivative of 1,6-hexane dimaleimide does not inhibit Na+−Li+ exchange. The mercurials PCMBS, PCMB, and Hg2+ inhibit Na+−Li+ exchange in beef, but not in human erythrocytes. The inhibitory action of PCMBS, being slightly accelerated by external Na+, is fully reversed by penetrating thiols such as 2-mercaptoethanol, whilst glutathione, an impermeable thiol, is ineffective. Pretreatment with PCMBS affords partial protection from the irreversible inhibition caused by NEM. Oxidation with copper orthophenanthroline inhibits Na+−Li+ exchange only when performed in the presence of penetrating thiols such as 2-mercaptoethanol. It is concluded that the SH-reagents studied inhibit Na+−Li+ exchange by modifying an essential SH-group of a membrane protein in such a way that the turnover number of the exchange system is reduced. This SH-group is separated from both the red cell exterior and interior by a penetration barrier and seems to be distinct from the cation binding site. The action of external Na+ and Li+ in promoting the reaction of alkylating inhibitors is interpreted to result from a conformational change of the transport protein induced by the binding of external Na+ or Li+.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 51 (1979), S. 263-286 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Ouabain-resistant Na+−Li+ countertransport was studied on erythrocytes of man, sheep, rabbit, and beef. A transport system, exchanging Li+ for Na+ in a ratio of 1∶1, was present in all four species. Li+ uptake by the exchange system increased 30-fold in the order man 〈HK-sheep〈LK-sheep〈rabbit〈LK-beef. This order is identical to that of ouabain-resistant Na+−Na+ exchange in these species, but bears no relation to the Na+−K+ pump activity. The activity of the Na+−Li+ exchange system varied up to 7 and 16-fold among individual red cell specimens from man and beef, the variability being much smaller in sheep and rabbit erythrocytes. The affinities of the system for Li+ and Na+ were similar among the species and individuals (half saturation of the external site at about 1mm Li+ and 50mm Na+, respectively). 50–60% of Na+−Li+ exchange was blocked by N-ethylmaleimide in all species.p-Chloromercuribenzene sulfonate inhibited the exchange only in beef and sheep erythrocytes (60–80%). The two SH-reagents act by decreasing the maximum activity of the system, whilst leaving its affinity for Li+ unaltered. Phloretin was a potent inhibitor in all species. 1mm each of furosemide, ethacrynic acid, and quinidine induced only a slight inhibition. The Na+−Li+ exchange of human and beef erythrocytes increased 3.5-fold upon elevation of the extracellular pH from 6 to 8.5, the pH-dependence arising from a change in affinity of the system for the cations and being similar to that reported for ouabain-resistant Na+−Na+ exchange in beef erythrocytes. It is concluded that a transport system exists in the red cell membranes of the four species which can mediate ouabain-resistant exchange of either Na+ for Na+, Na+ for Li+, or Li+ for Li+. The exchange system exhibits essentially identical transport characteristics in the four species, but shows a marked inter- and intra-species variability in maximum transport capacity and some differences in susceptibility towards inhibitors. A similar transport system is probably present also in other tissues. The exchange system seems to be distinct from the conventional Na+−K+ pump and shows no clear relation to one of the furosemide-sensitive, ouabain-resistant Na+ transport systems described in the literature.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of physical chemistry 〈Washington, DC〉 79 (1975), S. 2470-2473 
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 3292-3302 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Electrochemical Syntheses, III. Electrosyntheses with IsobutyraldehydeElectrochemically induced catalytic trimerisations of isobutyraldehyde are observed upon electrolysis in aprotic media. Anodically 2,4,6-triisopropyl-1,3,5-trioxane (1) is produced, whilst cathodically two configurational isomeres of 2,6-diisopropyl-5,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4-ol (2) are formed, their relative amounts depending on the nature of the electrolyte. 2,4,6-Triisopropyl-1,3,5-triazine (4) along with some 2,4-diisopropyl-1,3,5-triazine (5) is obtained by the oxidation of isobutyraldehyde in ammonia-saturated methanol. The addition of formamide to the electrolyte increases the yield of 5. Only 4 is produced in ammonia-saturated acetonitrile. The formation of 4 and 5 is assumed to proceed by way of the cyclisation of imidoesters as primary oxidation products in methanol solution and by the electro-oxidation of 2,4,6-triisopropylhexahydro-1,3,5-triazine (3) in acetonitrile solution.
    Notes: Elektrochemisch induzierte katalytische Trimerisierungen von Isobutyraldehyd werden bei der Elektrolyse in aprotischen Medien beobachtet. Anodisch entsteht 2,4,6-Triisopropyl-1,3,5-trioxan (1), kathodisch zwei Konfigurationsisomere von 2,6-Diisopropyl-5,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-4-ol (2), deren Verhältnis von der Art des Elektrolytsystems abhängt. In ammoniakalischem Methanol entsteht bei der Oxidation von Isobutyraldehyd neben 2,4,6-Triisopropyl-1,3,5-triazin (4) 2,4-Diisopropyl-1,3,5-triazin (5). Der Zusatz von Formamid zum Elektrolyten erhöht den Anteil an 5. In ammoniakalischem Acetonitril entsteht nur 4. Als Mechanismus wird in Methanol eine Cyclisierung von primär gebildeten Imidoestern, in Acetonitril die Elektrooxidation von 2,4,6-Triisopropylhexahydro-1,3,5-triazin (3) angenommen.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 1346-1352 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Electrochemical Syntheses, IV: The Electrosynthesis of 1,3,5-Triazines from AldehydesThe electrochemical oxidation of acetaldehyde in methanol/ammonia yields 2,4,6-trimethyl-1,3,5-triazin (3) in at least 20% yield, whereas benzaldehyde gives only a 1% yield of the triphenyl derivative 4. No s-triazine (5) is obtained from formalin. In addition to the triazines 1-3 the mixed triazines 6-8 are obtained by electrolyzing an acetaldehyde/isobutyraldehyde mixture. The reason for the difference in the yields of the triazines from aldehydes is to be sought in the equilibrium concentration fo the precursing amino-methoxy adduct RCH(NH2)OCH3.
    Notes: Die elektrochemische Oxidation von Acetaldehyd in Methanol/Ammoniak liefert 2,4,6-Trimethyl-1,3,5-triazin (3) in 20% Ausbeute, die von Benzaldehyd jedoch nur 1% des Triphenylderivates 4; aus Formalin konnte kein s-Triazin (5) erhalten werden. Mit einem Acetaldehyd/Isobutyraldehyd-Gemisch konnten neben 1,2 und 3 auch die gemischten Triazine 6-8 erhalten werden. Als Ursache für den unterschiedlichen Erfolg dieser Triazinsynthese wird die Gleichgewichtskonzentration des Aminomethoxy-Aldehydadduktes RCH(NH2)OCH3 angesehen.
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2002-08-01
    Description: Platelets, although not phagocytotic, have been suggested to release O2−. Since O2−-producing reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) (NAD(P)H) oxidases can be specifically activated by certain agonists and are found in several nonphagocytotic tissues, we investigated whether such an enzyme is the source of platelet-derived O2−. We further studied which agonists cause platelet O2−release and whether platelet-derived O2− influences thrombus formation in vitro. Collagen, but not adenosine 5′-diphosphate (ADP) or thrombin, increased O2− formation in washed human platelets. This was a reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)–dependent process, as shown in platelet lysates. Consistent with a role of a platelet, NAD(P)H oxidase expression of its subunits p47phox and p67phoxand inhibition of platelet O2− formation by diphenylene-iodoniumchloride (DPI) and by the specific peptide-antagonist gp91ds-tat were observed. Whereas platelet-derived O2− did not influence initial aggregation, platelet recruitment to a preformed thrombus following collagen stimulation was significantly attenuated by superoxide dismutase (SOD) or DPI. It was also inhibited when ADP released during aggregation was cleaved by the ectonucleotidase apyrase. ADP in supernatants of collagen-activated platelets was decreased in the presence of SOD, resulting in lower ADP concentrations available for recruitment of further platelets. Exogenous O2−increased ADP- concentrations in supernatants of collagen-stimulated platelets and induced irreversible aggregation when platelets were stimulated with otherwise subthreshold concentrations of ADP. These results strongly suggest that collagen activation induces NAD(P)H oxidase–dependent O2− release in platelets, which in turn enhances availability of released ADP, resulting in increased platelet recruitment.
    Print ISSN: 0006-4971
    Electronic ISSN: 1528-0020
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2008-01-01
    Description: A healthy vascular endothelium is coated by the endothelial glycocalyx. Its main constituents are transmembrane syndecans and bound heparan sulphates. This structure maintains the physiological endothelial permeability barrier and prevents leukocyte and platelet adhesion, thereby mitigating inflammation and tissue oedema. Heparinase, a bacterial analogue to heparanase, is known to attack the glycocalyx. However, the exact extent and specificity of degradation is unresolved. We show by electron microscopy, immunohistological staining and quantitative measurements of the constituent parts, that heparinase selectively sheds heparan sulphate from the glycocalyx, but not the syndecans.
    Print ISSN: 1431-6730
    Electronic ISSN: 1437-4315
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Published by De Gruyter
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 1995-10-01
    Print ISSN: 0891-5849
    Electronic ISSN: 1873-4596
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1993-06-01
    Print ISSN: 0891-5849
    Electronic ISSN: 1873-4596
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1975-11-01
    Print ISSN: 0022-3654
    Electronic ISSN: 1541-5740
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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