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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Perpendicular magnetization and surface magnetoelastic anisotropy in epitaxial Cu/Ni/Cu (001) : The 40th annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 5845-5847 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Epitaxial Ni films (2.0 nm〈h〈14 nm) have been grown on Cu/Si (001) and capped with 2.0 nm of Cu in a molecular beam epitaxy chamber. Their magnetic anisotropy has been measured ex situ in a vibrating sample magnetometer. Perpendicular magnetization is preferred over a broad Ni-thickness range: 25≤h≤140 A(ring). The quantitative anisotropy data are not well described by a model including bulk and surface magnetocrystalline anisotropy, Kb+Ksh, magnetostatic energy, and bulk magnetoelastic energy, Bbe(h). If surface magnetoelasticity Bse/h is considered, the data are well described and values for Ks and Bs consistent with Néel's model are determined. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.362144
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetic anisotropy in epitaxial fcc Co/Cu (1 1 13) : 37th Annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 73 (1993), S. 6186-6188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Magnetization behavior of ultrathin (3 ML) epitaxial Co(001) films on Cu(1 1 13) terraced surfaces was studied in situ using magneto-optic Kerr effect. The films show easy magnetization along the steps. Unusual hard axis Kerr loops (H perpendicular to the steps and in the surface plane) are observed near room temperature and evolve at higher temperature (127 °C) toward the soft magnetic behavior more typical of the easy axis loops observed on the same films. A model is postulated for the behavior that includes a fourfold in-plane anisotropy and a uniaxial in-plane anisotropy of possibly magnetoelastic (ME) or magnetostatic (MS) origin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.352692
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetic anisotropy in ultrathin films grown on vicinal surfaces (abstract) : 38th Annual Conference on Magnetism and Magnetic Materials (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 75 (1994), S. 6427-6427 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Growth of thin epitaxial magnetic films on terraced substrates, such as Co/Cu(1 1 13) vicinal to (001), leads to unexpected magnetic anisotropy associated with the surface steps. This anisotropy remains largely unexplained and is of potential technological importance. We have studied the anisotropy of fcc Co/Cu(1 1 13) films of 3–20 ML thicknesses using in situ MOKE. The presence of monoatomic steps on the Cu(1 1 13) surface induces a uniaxial anisotropy favoring magnetization parallel to the steps. The strength of this anisotropy decreases with increasing film thickness. In this paper we focus on the interpretation of this anisotropy in terms of the Néel model.1,2 Vicinal surfaces are characterized by (001) terraces separated by monoatomic steps. The Néel anisotropy energy for such a surface has the form EtotalN= Ebulk atoms+(Esurface atoms /t) + Estep-edge atoms /td), where t and d are film thickness and terrace width, respectively. The last term includes contributions from sites at both the top and bottom of the step and is responsible for the step-induced anisotropy. For 10 ML of Co on Cu(1 1 13), the magnitude of this term is approximately 0.3 erg/cm2, favoring M parallel to the steps, as we have observed. Fe/W vicinal to (001) films show a preference for in-plane magnetization perpendicular to the steps.3 The Néel model predicts this anisotropy for a bcc Fe film provided the magnetization lies in the film plane, not in the (001) plane.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.355373
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetoelastic coefficients at tetragonal surfaces (abstract) : 38th Annual Conference on Magnetism and Magnetic Materials (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 75 (1994), S. 6429-6429 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Surfaces and thin films are generally highly strained relative to their bulk structures. The magnetoelastic (ME) coefficients coupling these strains to magnetic properties must be considered in lower symmetry than the bulk values. We outline a method of analyzing the ME problem at a surface in tetragonal symmetry (assuming the bulk is cubic). Five ME coefficients are required. Two methods have been developed to extract these surface ME coefficients from the M-H behavior of films subjected to different strains. One method fits the M-H behavior with that predicted by an equation of motion derived from a free energy which includes ME, magnetostatic, crystal field, and Zeeman terms. This method is useful in certain simple cases where canonical linear M-H behavior is observed. In more complicated cases, it can be shown that the ME coefficients are related to the area A(ΔH,Δe) between two anhysteretic M-H curves at two different strain levels and between arbitrary field limits (see Fig.). The choice of field limits allows the M-H results near the origin, H≤Hc, and near saturation H≥HK to be omitted from the analysis. The validity of the method is illustrated with measurements on thin cobalt, nickel, and permalloy films.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.355375
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determining thin-film magnetoelastic constants (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 6302-6307 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A formalism is presented for determining the magnetoelastic (ME) coefficients of tetragonally distorted surfaces and thin films. The equation of motion of the magnetization is determined from free-energy-density expressions containing terms for crystalline and shape anisotropy, ME anisotropy, and applied field. Canonical magnetization curves, described by simple equations of motion and recorded under different strains, are shown to differ by an area equal to the magnetoelastic energy density. Thus, division of this area by the applied strain allows determination of the ME coefficients. A more general method is proposed which allows ME coefficients to be determined from arbitrarily shaped M-H curves taken at different strains by calculating the area between them over a conveniently chosen magnetization range. This reduces error in the ME coefficients by avoiding hysteretic effects at low fields and ambiguity about saturation at high fields. Examples are given that illustrate how the magnetic anisotropy and ME coefficients can be determined in three simple cases from Kerr or M-H loops in ultrathin films subjected to various bending strains.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.355150
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Giant surface magnetostriction in polycrystalline Ni and NiFe films (1994)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 64 (1994), S. 2593-2595 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have measured the effective magnetoelastic coupling coefficients, Beff, of polycrystalline NiFe/Ag/Si, NiFe/Cu/Si, and Ni/SiO2/Si films in situ as functions of magnetic layer thickness over the range from 1.5 to 50 nm using magneto-optic Kerr effect and applied static strain. The Beff's agree well with bulk values at large thicknesses but take on anomalously large values for thicknesses below about 5 nm. The data are well fit by a Néel model, Beff=Bbulk+Bsurf/(t−t0), where t0 may be related to intermixing at the interface with the substrate (verified by Auger depth profiling). These data suggest that the surface conditions are of enhanced importance in controlling magnetic properties, particularly anisotropy, permeability, and noise, even in films whose compositions are nominally of zero magnetostriction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.111536
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Exploring magnetic properties of ultrathin epitaxial magnetic structures using magneto-optical techniques (1989)
    Springer
    Applied physics 49 (1989), S. 459-466 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 75.30.Gw ; 75.70.Ak ; 75.40.Cx
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We describe magneto-optic Kerr effect studies of ultrathin Fe and Ni films on single crystal surfaces of Ag and Cu. Monolayer Fe films on Ag(100) exhibit the theoretically predicted spin-orbit anisotropy, but also yield some interesting discrepancies between behavior predicted by Kerr effect and by spin-polarized photoemission experiments. Layer-dependent studies of the magnetic moment of Ni on Ag(111) and Ag(100) suggest sp-d hybridization effects quench the first layer magnetic moment on Ag(111) but not on Ag(100). Temperature dependent studies of thin film magnetization obtained from Kerr effect measurements yield thickness dependent Curie temperatures, and critical exponents for several thin film systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00617012
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  • 8
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    Perpendicular magnetization and surface magnetoelastic anisotropy in epitaxial Cu/Ni/Cu (001) (1996)
    American Institute of Physics
    Details
    Publication Date: 1996-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0021-8979
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-7550
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics
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  • 9
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    Giant surface magnetostriction in polycrystalline Ni and NiFe films (1994)
    American Institute of Physics
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-05-09
    Print ISSN: 0003-6951
    Electronic ISSN: 1077-3118
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics
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  • 10
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    Noble gases in conventional and unconventional petroleum systems (2017)
    Geological Society (of London)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-12-16
    Description: Petroleum systems represent complex multiphase subsurface environments. The properties of the noble gases as conservative physical tracers allow them to be used to gain insight into the physical behaviour occurring within hydrocarbon systems. This can be used to better understand the mechanisms of hydrocarbon migration, residence time of fluids, and measurement of the scale of the subsurface fluid system involved in the transport and trapping of the hydrocarbon phase. The noble gases in the subsurface derive from different sources with distinct isotopic compositions, allowing them to be resolved in any crustal fluid. We discuss the processes within petroleum systems that incorporate the noble gases from each of these sources into hydrocarbon accumulations. The dominant mechanism controlling the introduction of air-derived noble gases into petroleum systems is via subsurface groundwater, and this records key information about the interaction of the petroleum system with the hydrogeological regime. Radiogenic noble gases accumulate over time, recording information about the age and relative timing of processes within the petroleum system. We review the conceptual framework and quantitative models describing these processes using examples from previous studies, and discuss both their current limitations and the potential for their application to unconventional hydrocarbon systems.
    Print ISSN: 0305-8719
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4927
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society (of London)
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