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  • 1
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    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Blais-Stevens, A; Clague, John J; Mathewes, Rolf W; Hebda, R J; Bornhold, Brian D (2003): Record of large, Late Pleistocene outburst floods preserved in Saanich Inlet sediments, Vancouver Island, Canada. Quaternary Science Reviews, 22(21-22), 2327-2334, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(03)00212-9
    Publication Date: 2024-01-09
    Description: Two anomalous, gray, silty clay beds are present in ODP cores collected from Saanich Inlet, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. The beds, which date to about 10,500 14C yr BP (11,000 calendar years BP), contain Tertiary pollen derived from sedimentary rocks found only in the Fraser Lowland, on the mainland of British Columbia and Washington just east of the Strait of Georgia. Abundant illite-muscovite in the sediments supports a Fraser Lowland provenance. The clay beds are probably distal deposits of huge floods that swept through the Fraser Lowland at the end of the Pleistocene. Muddy overflow plumes from these floods crossed the Strait of Georgia and entered Saanich Inlet, where the sediment settled from suspension and blanketed diatom-rich mud on the fiord floor. The likely source of the floods is Late Pleistocene, ice-dammed lakes in the Fraser and Thompson valleys, which are known to have drained at about the time the floods occurred.
    Keywords: 169-1033B; 169-1033C; 169-1033D; 169-1034B; 169-1034D; 169-1034E; Age, 14C AMS; Age, 14C calibrated; Age, dated; Age, dated material; Age, dated standard deviation; Age, maximum/old; Age, minimum/young; Coastal waters of SE Alaska; Comment; Dead Dog vent field, North Pacific Ocean; DEPTH, sediment/rock; Distance, relative; DRILL; Drilling/drill rig; DSDP/ODP/IODP sample designation; Event label; Joides Resolution; Leg169S; Ocean Drilling Program; ODP; Sample code/label; Sample code/label 2
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 207 data points
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  • 2
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    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Blais-Stevens, A; Clague, John J (2001): Paleoseismic signature in late Holocene sediment cores from Saanich Inlet, British Columbia. Marine Geology, 175(1-4), 131-148, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00132-3
    Publication Date: 2024-01-09
    Description: This paper explores the paleoseismic record potentially preserved in the upper 40 m of hydraulic piston cores collected in 1996 at two sites in Saanich Inlet, British Columbia, during ocean drilling program (ODP) Leg 169S. The ODP cores are missing 1-2 m of water-rich sediment directly underlying the seafloor, but this sediment is preserved in shorter piston cores collected in 1989 and 1991. The upper part of the ODP cores consists of rhythmically laminated (varved) marine mud with intercalated massive beds, interpreted to be debris flow deposits. Some of the debris flow deposits are linked to past earthquakes, including the 1946 Vancouver Island earthquake (M7.2), a great (M8-9) plate-boundary earthquake at the Cascadia subduction zone in January 1700, and a large crustal or plate-boundary earthquake about 1000 yr ago. Earthquakes may also be responsible for debris flows in about AD 1600, 1500, 1250, 1150, 850, 450, 350, 180, and BC 200, 220, 500, 900, and 1050. If so, the average recurrence interval for moderate to large earthquakes, which trigger debris flows in Saanich Inlet, is about 150 yr. This recurrence interval is broadly consistent with the frequency of moderate to large earthquakes in the region during the historical period. Debris flows, however, can also be triggered by non-seismic processes, making it difficult to assemble a complete earthquake record from the Saanich Inlet cores. We propose that extensive debris flow deposits, emplaced by single large failures or many smaller coincident failures, probably have a seismic origin.
    Keywords: 169-1033B; 169-1033C; 169-1033D; 169-1034B; 169-1034C; 169-1034D; 169-1034E; Age, 14C AMS; Age, 14C calibrated; Age, dated; Age, dated material; Age, dated standard deviation; Age, maximum/old; Age, minimum/young; Coastal waters of SE Alaska; Dead Dog vent field, North Pacific Ocean; DEPTH, sediment/rock; DRILL; Drilling/drill rig; DSDP/ODP/IODP sample designation; Event label; Joides Resolution; Leg169S; Number; Ocean Drilling Program; ODP; Sample code/label; Taxon/taxa
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 529 data points
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  • 3
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    Unknown
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Blais-Stevens, A; Bornhold, Brian D; Kemp, Alan E S; Dean, J M; Vaan, A A (2001): Overview of Late Quaterary stratigraphie in Saanich Inlet, British Columbia: results of Ocean Drilling Program Leg 169S. Marine Geology, 174(1-4), 3-26, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(00)00139-0
    Publication Date: 2024-01-09
    Description: Continuous coring in Saanich Inlet (Ocean Drilling Program, ODP Leg 169S), British Columbia, Canada, yielded a detailed record of Late Quaternary climate, oceanography, marine productivity, and terrestrial vegetation. Two sites (1033 and 1034) were drilled to maximum depths of 105 and 118 m, recovering sediments ranging in age from 13,300 to less than 300 14C yr. Earliest sediments consist of dense, largely massive, gray glaciomarine muds with dropstones and sand and silt laminae deposited during the waning stages of glaciation. Deposition of organic-rich olive gray sediments began in the fjord about 12,000 14C yr ago, under well-oxygenated conditions as reflected by the presence of bioturbation and a diverse infaunal bivalve community. At about 10,500 14C yr, a massive, gray unit, 40-50 cm thick, was emplaced in a very short span of time. The unit is marked by a sharp lower contact, a gradational upper contact and an abundance of reworked Tertiary microfossils. It has been interpreted as resulting from massive flood events caused by the collapse of glacial dams in the Fraser Valley of mainland British Columbia. Progressively greater anoxia in bottom waters of Saanich Inlet began about 7000 14C yr ago. This is reflected in the preservation of varved sediments consisting of diatomaceous spring-summer laminae and terrigenous winter laminae. Correlation of the sediments was based on: marked lithologic changes, the presence of massive intervals (reflecting localized sediment gravity flow events), the Mazama Ash, occasional thin gray laminae (indicative of abnormal flood events in nearby watersheds), varve counts between marker horizons, and 71 accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon dates.
    Keywords: 169-1033B; 169-1033C; 169-1033D; 169-1034B; 169-1034C; 169-1034D; 169-1034E; Age, 14C AMS; Age, 14C calibrated; Age, dated; Age, dated material; Age, dated standard deviation; Age, maximum/old; Age, minimum/young; Coastal waters of SE Alaska; Dead Dog vent field, North Pacific Ocean; DRILL; Drilling/drill rig; DSDP/ODP/IODP sample designation; Event label; Joides Resolution; Leg169S; Number; Ocean Drilling Program; ODP; Sample code/label; Taxon/taxa
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 529 data points
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2014-01-29
    Description: We studied 30 large debris fans along the Alaska Highway between the Alaska-Yukon boundary near Beaver Creek and the south end of Kluane Lake to document late Holocene and historic debris flow activity and to evaluate the hazard that debris flows pose to the highway and other infrastructure. We used dendrochronology and tephrochronology to date surfaces on the fans and to estimate debris flow recurrence. All of the fans are paraglacial landforms of largely latest Pleistocene and early Holocene age. Debris flows continued to occur, probably at a diminishing rate, during the middle and late Holocene, but have only left an irregular carapace of deposits on the early Holocene fans. The White River tephra, which is about 1,200 years old, occurs across the surface of most of the fans, indicating that few debris flows and floods have escaped existing channels of streams on the fans. We conclude that future debris flows, like those that have occurred on nine fans in the past few decades, will mostly be restricted to present stream crossings.
    Print ISSN: 1078-7275
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2015-03-06
    Description: On July 13, 2005 a complex 3 Mm 3 and 1.5 km long rock slide-debris avalanche occurred near Sutherland River, 40 km west of Fort St. James, British Columbia, Canada. The landslide was initiated in a succession of sub-horizontal competent mafic basalts (Endako Formation) capping weaker felsic volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks (Ootsa Lake Group) of Eocene age. Several landslides have been observed in similar volcanic successions worldwide including in southern British Columbia. Some common characteristics of these landslides are: structurally undisturbed; horizontal to sub-horizontal bedding; curved head scarp; steep joints; debris consists of intact blocks; volcaniclastics containing smectite (expandable clay mineral); fossils and lignite within the volcaniclastics. The Sutherland landslide is one of many large landslides that have occurred in recent years in northern British Columbia. At least eight other large landslides have been triggered in volcanic rocks within the Nechako plateau.
    Print ISSN: 1078-7275
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈span〉〈div〉Abstract〈/div〉The Yukon–Alaska Highway corridor in southern Yukon is subject to geohazards ranging from landslides to floods and earthquakes on faults in the St. Elias Mountains and Shakwak Valley. Here we discuss the late Holocene seismic history of the Denali fault, located at the eastern front of the St. Elias Mountains and one of only a few known seismically active terrestrial faults in Canada. Holocene faulting is indicated by scarps and mounds on late Pleistocene drift and by tectonically deformed Pleistocene and Holocene sediments. Previous work on trenches excavated against the fault scarp near the Duke River reveals paleoseismic sediment disturbance dated to ∼300–1,200, 1,200–1,900, and 3,000 years ago. Re-excavation of the trenches indicate a fourth event dated to 6,000 years ago. The trenches are interpreted as a negative flower structure produced by extension of sediments by dextral strike-slip fault movement. Nearby Crescent Lake is ponded against the fault scarp. Sediment cores reveal four abrupt sediment and diatom changes reflecting seismic shaking at ∼1,200–1,900, 1,900–5,900, 5,900–6,200, and 6,500–6,800 years ago. At the Duke River, the fault offsets sediments, including two White River tephra layers (∼1,900 and 1,200 years old). Late Pleistocene outwash gravel and overlying Holocene aeolian sediments show in cross section a positive flower structure indicative of post-glacial contraction of the sediments by dextral strike-slip movement. Based on the number of events reflecting ∼6,000 years, we estimate the average recurrence of large earthquakes on the Yukon part of the Denali fault to be about 1,300 years in the past 6,500–6,800 years.〈/span〉
    Print ISSN: 1078-7275
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-9161
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 7
  • 8
    Publication Date: 2014-01-28
    Print ISSN: 1078-7275
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2016-02-11
    Description: This research activity aimed at reducing risk to infrastructure, such as a proposed pipeline route roughly parallel to the Yukon Alaska Highway Corridor (YAHC), by filling geoscience knowledge gaps in geohazards. Hence, the Geological Survey of Canada compiled an inventory of landslides including debris flow deposits, which were subsequently used to validate two different debris flow susceptibility models. A qualitative heuristic debris flow susceptibility model was produced for the northern region of the YAHC, from Kluane Lake to the Alaska border, by integrating data layers with assigned weights and class ratings. These were slope angle, slope aspect, surficial geology, plan curvature, and proximity to drainage system. Validation of the model was carried out by calculating a success rate curve which revealed a good correlation with the susceptibility model and the debris flow deposit inventory compiled from air photos, high-resolution satellite imagery, and field verification. In addition, the quantitative Flow-R method was tested in order to define the potential source and debris flow susceptibility for the southern region of Kluane Lake, an area where documented debris flow events have blocked the highway in the past (e.g. 1988). Trial and error calculations were required for this method because there was not detailed information on the debris flows for the YAHC to allow us to define threshold values for some parameters when calculating source areas, spreading, and runout distance. Nevertheless, correlation with known documented events helped define these parameters and produce a map that captures most of the known events and displays debris flow susceptibility in other, usually smaller, steep channels that had not been previously documented.
    Print ISSN: 1561-8633
    Electronic ISSN: 1684-9981
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2015-05-29
    Description: This research activity aimed at reducing risk to infrastructure, such as a proposed pipeline route roughly parallel to the Yukon Alaska Highway Corridor (YAHC) by filling geoscience knowledge gaps in geohazards. Hence, the Geological Survey of Canada compiled an inventory of landslides including debris flow deposits, which were subsequently used to validate two different debris flow susceptibility models. A qualitative heuristic debris flow susceptibility model was produced for the northern region of the YAHC, from Kluane Lake to the Alaska border, by integrating data layers with assigned weights and class ratings. These were slope angle, slope aspect (derived from a 5 m × 5 m DEM), surficial geology, permafrost distribution, and proximity to drainage system. Validation of the model was carried out by calculating a success rate curve which revealed a good correlation with the susceptibility model and the debris flow deposit inventory compiled from air photos, high resolution satellite imagery, and field verification. In addition, the quantitative Flow-R method was tested in order to define the potential source and debris flow susceptibility for the southern region of Kluane Lake, an area where documented debris flow events have blocked the highway in the past (e.g., 1988). Trial and error calculations were required for this method because there was not detailed information on the debris flows for the YAHC to allow us to define threshold values for some parameters when calculating source areas, spreading, and runout distance. Nevertheless, correlation with known documented events helped define these parameters and produce a map that captures most of the known events and displays debris flow susceptibility in other, usually smaller, steep channels that had not been previously documented.
    Electronic ISSN: 2195-9269
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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