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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence for Distinct Sectors in Polymer Single Crystals (1959)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 184 (1959), S. 810-811 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Fig. 1. Polyethylene crystal grown from xylene at 90 C. Electron-micrograph, x 2,500 Fig. 2. Polyethylene crystal grown from xylene at 90 C. showing sector through extinction effects. Electronmicrograph, x 1,500 Fig. 3. Polyethylene crystal grown from xylene at 90 C, after thermal treatment (see ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/184810a0
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron Microscopy of Polyethylene below 20° K (1967)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 214 (1967), S. 1107-1108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Polyethylene is a suitable substance in which to search for prolonged lifetimes of crystals, because not only is it a much studied material whose radiation chemistry is comparatively well understood, but also there appears a priori to be a reasonable chance of success. For example, alkyl free ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2141107a0
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphological changes in pressure annealed polyethylene (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 31 (1996), S. 5541-5549 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Polyethylene samples have been annealed under high pressures in order to transform the morphology and thereby make specimens, which on subsequent orientation by hydrostatic extrusion, produce high-modulus materials for comparatively low deformation ratios. The pre-extrusion morphology, as revealed by permanganic etching followed by transmission electron microscopy, is shown to be highly sensitive to the annealing conditions, especially in the vicinity of the orthorhombic/hexagonal phase boundary. The morphological changes have also been studied by gel permeation chromatography of nitrated samples and by differential scanning calorimetry. The moduli of samples, extruded to a standard extrusion ratio of 7, reflect differences in the morphology of the starting material. It is shown that the highest modulus is not obtained by annealing totally within the hexagonal phase but rather in the changeover region between it and the orthorhombic phase. Although the lamellar size can be dramatically increased by annealing within the hexagonal phase, this development occurs at the expense of reducing the integrity of the molecular network so that for high lamellar size the modulus falls and the samples become increasingly incoherent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01159328
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structural changes in solvent-induced crystallization of quenched isotactic polypropylene (1989)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 267 (1989), S. 661-667 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Polypropyleneisotactic ; crystallization insolvents ; wide anglex-rayscattering ; density ; differentialscanningcalorimetry ; morphology ; transmissionelectronmicrograph
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Solvent-induced crystallization of quenched isotactic polypropylene (iPP) films in dichloromethane, cyclohexane, carbon tetrachloride, and chloroform has been investigated. WAXD, density, and DSC measurements indicate that smectic iPP films undergo a complex rearrangement of the structure in these liquids, leading to a process of crystallization. Transport properties of the dried samples, after the solvent treatment, show that the first stage of crystallization involves, in addition to the smectic phase, a fraction of amorphous phase, while further crystallization regards only the smectic phase. The morphology of the crystallized samples has been investigated by transmission electron microscopy following permanganic etching. No change in the basic morphology is found, although local organization showing splaying and branching appears clearer in the solvent crystallized samples than in the starting smectic sample.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01524368
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solid State Polymerization at {00.1} Sub-grain Boundaries of Trioxane (1967)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 215 (1967), S. 731-732 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The evidence in the literature appears to be conflicting. On one hand, this process is the example par excellence in which polymer crystals are ordered with respect to the monomer1 a view based on X-ray evidence2 from crystals polymerized to maximum yield and supported by observations of polymer ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/215731a0
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Origin of Extended-chain Lamellae in Polyethylene (1968)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 219 (1968), S. 368-370 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The first crystallizations under pressure revealed that growth from the melt at 227 C gave ECL alone above 4 kbar but a mixture of ECL and FCL in the range 2 to 4 kbar, the two being sharply differentiated by an ~ 10 C difference in melting point2. The presence of two separate phases rather than a ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/219368a0
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The hot compaction of SPECTRA gel-spun polyethylene fibre (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 32 (1997), S. 4821-4832 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The compaction of gel-spun high molecular weight polyethylene (PE) fibre, SPECTRA 1000, has been investigated for a range of compaction temperatures between 142°–155°C. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and broad-line nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques have been used to examine the structure of the compacted materials and to determine the compaction mechanisms. With increasing compaction temperature, the flexural properties of the compacted materials did not show any significant change up to 154°C, but large changes were observed if the temperature was increased from 154 to 155°C. DSC and SEM studies revealed that no evident surface melting and recrystallization occurred during hot compaction in the temperature range 144–154°C, although the rigid crystalline fraction measured by NMR for all compacted materials is significantly lower than that for the original fibre. Significant transverse strength is also developed at the lower compaction temperatures, and this also only markedly increases on going from 154 to 155°C. Structural investigations show how the fibres deform so as to interlock, and localized welding occurs, so as to bond each fibre to its neighbour. This is distinct from the melting and recrystallization at the surface of the fibres previously observed in melt spun fibres.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018647401619
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The hot compaction of polypropylene fibres (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 31 (1996), S. 1157-1163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Investigation of the compaction of unidirectionally arranged high-tenacity polypropylene fibres is described. A combination of techniques, with the major emphasis being morphological studies, show that controllable “selective” surface melting is not achieved at a high enough proportion to give substantial fibre-to-fibre bonding, and hence good lateral strengths.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00353094
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The hot compaction of polyethylene terephthalate (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 30 (1995), S. 615-622 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A process is described for the successful compaction of polyethylene terephthalate fibres. The measurement of mechanical properties shows that a very high proportion of the original fibre properties are retained and that the compacted samples have a good degree of coherence. Electron microscopy studies of suitably etched samples reveals the effect of the compaction temperature on the structure of the compacted samples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00356319
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential melting in compacted high-modulus melt-spun polyethylene fibres (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 30 (1995), S. 601-606 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The compaction of high-modulus melt-spun polyethylene fibres has been investigated for compaction temperatures above the optimum. After such treatment the specimens are liable to be non-uniform because of differential melting. Individual compacted fibres are observed to melt not only from the outside inwards, but also in certain internal regions, depending upon the availability of local free volume. The regions of different stability have been identified and inferences drawn concerning the structure of the initial fibres. It is suggested in particular that the longitudinal regions of deficit density (which exhibit cratering in transverse sections and melt before their surroundings) are a result of initial crystallization occurring within a rigid framework inside the fibre, possibly nucleated on a strained molecular network. The presence of banded recrystallization around residual fibres demonstrates that this phenomenon develops via interaction of neighbouring lamellae as they grow.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00356317
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