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  • 1
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    The ground state of embryonic stem cell self-renewal (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-05-24
    Description: In the three decades since pluripotent mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells were first described they have been derived and maintained by using various empirical combinations of feeder cells, conditioned media, cytokines, growth factors, hormones, fetal calf serum, and serum extracts. Consequently ES-cell self-renewal is generally considered to be dependent on multifactorial stimulation of dedicated transcriptional circuitries, pre-eminent among which is the activation of STAT3 by cytokines (ref. 8). Here we show, however, that extrinsic stimuli are dispensable for the derivation, propagation and pluripotency of ES cells. Self-renewal is enabled by the elimination of differentiation-inducing signalling from mitogen-activated protein kinase. Additional inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3 consolidates biosynthetic capacity and suppresses residual differentiation. Complete bypass of cytokine signalling is confirmed by isolating ES cells genetically devoid of STAT3. These findings reveal that ES cells have an innate programme for self-replication that does not require extrinsic instruction. This property may account for their latent tumorigenicity. The delineation of minimal requirements for self-renewal now provides a defined platform for the precise description and dissection of the pluripotent state.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ying, Qi-Long -- Wray, Jason -- Nichols, Jennifer -- Batlle-Morera, Laura -- Doble, Bradley -- Woodgett, James -- Cohen, Philip -- Smith, Austin -- 12043/Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- 12858/Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- G15381/2/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- G9806702/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_U127084348/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2008 May 22;453(7194):519-23. doi: 10.1038/nature06968.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1501 San Pablo Street, ZNI 529, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA. qying@keck.usc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18497825" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Benzamides/pharmacology ; Cell Differentiation/drug effects ; Cell Proliferation/drug effects ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Diphenylamine/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Embryonic Stem Cells/*cytology/drug effects/metabolism ; Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects ; Mice ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Pluripotent Stem Cells/cytology/drug effects/metabolism ; Pyridines/pharmacology ; Pyrimidines/pharmacology ; Regeneration/drug effects/*physiology ; STAT3 Transcription Factor/deficiency/genetics/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 2
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    Phosphorylation by p38 MAPK as an alternative pathway for GSK3beta inactivation (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-05-03
    Description: Glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta) is involved in metabolism, neurodegeneration, and cancer. Inhibition of GSK3beta activity is the primary mechanism that regulates this widely expressed active kinase. Although the protein kinase Akt inhibits GSK3beta by phosphorylation at the N terminus, preventing Akt-mediated phosphorylation does not affect the cell-survival pathway activated through the GSK3beta substrate beta-catenin. Here, we show that p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) also inactivates GSK3beta by direct phosphorylation at its C terminus, and this inactivation can lead to an accumulation of beta-catenin. p38 MAPK-mediated phosphorylation of GSK3beta occurs primarily in the brain and thymocytes. Activation of beta-catenin-mediated signaling through GSK3beta inhibition provides a potential mechanism for p38 MAPK-mediated survival in specific tissues.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2597039/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2597039/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Thornton, Tina M -- Pedraza-Alva, Gustavo -- Deng, Bin -- Wood, C David -- Aronshtam, Alexander -- Clements, James L -- Sabio, Guadalupe -- Davis, Roger J -- Matthews, Dwight E -- Doble, Bradley -- Rincon, Mercedes -- P20 RR021905/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- P20 RR15557/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- P20 RR16462/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI051454/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI051454-01A1/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI051454-02/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI051454-03/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI051454-04/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI051454-05/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 May 2;320(5876):667-70. doi: 10.1126/science.1156037.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine/Immunobiology Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405-0068, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18451303" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/enzymology ; Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/*antagonists & inhibitors/immunology/metabolism ; Humans ; Mice ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Kinase Inhibitors/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism ; Serine/metabolism ; Thymus Gland/cytology/enzymology ; beta Catenin/metabolism ; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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