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Algal genomes reveal evolutionary mosaicism and the fate of nucleomorphs (2012)

B. A. Curtis ; G. Tanifuji ; F. Burki ; [et al.]

Nature Publishing Group (NPG)

In: Nature. 492(7427): 59-65. doi: 10.1038/nature11681.

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Publication Date: 2012-12-04

Description: Cryptophyte and chlorarachniophyte algae are transitional forms in the widespread secondary endosymbiotic acquisition of photosynthesis by engulfment of eukaryotic algae. Unlike most secondary plastid-bearing algae, miniaturized versions of the endosymbiont nuclei (nucleomorphs) persist in cryptophytes and chlorarachniophytes. To determine why, and to address other fundamental questions about eukaryote-eukaryote endosymbiosis, we sequenced the nuclear genomes of the cryptophyte Guillardia theta and the chlorarachniophyte Bigelowiella natans. Both genomes have 〉21,000 protein genes and are intron rich, and B. natans exhibits unprecedented alternative splicing for a single-celled organism. Phylogenomic analyses and subcellular targeting predictions reveal extensive genetic and biochemical mosaicism, with both host- and endosymbiont-derived genes servicing the mitochondrion, the host cell cytosol, the plastid and the remnant endosymbiont cytosol of both algae. Mitochondrion-to-nucleus gene transfer still occurs in both organisms but plastid-to-nucleus and nucleomorph-to-nucleus transfers do not, which explains why a small residue of essential genes remains locked in each nucleomorph.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Curtis, Bruce A -- Tanifuji, Goro -- Burki, Fabien -- Gruber, Ansgar -- Irimia, Manuel -- Maruyama, Shinichiro -- Arias, Maria C -- Ball, Steven G -- Gile, Gillian H -- Hirakawa, Yoshihisa -- Hopkins, Julia F -- Kuo, Alan -- Rensing, Stefan A -- Schmutz, Jeremy -- Symeonidi, Aikaterini -- Elias, Marek -- Eveleigh, Robert J M -- Herman, Emily K -- Klute, Mary J -- Nakayama, Takuro -- Obornik, Miroslav -- Reyes-Prieto, Adrian -- Armbrust, E Virginia -- Aves, Stephen J -- Beiko, Robert G -- Coutinho, Pedro -- Dacks, Joel B -- Durnford, Dion G -- Fast, Naomi M -- Green, Beverley R -- Grisdale, Cameron J -- Hempel, Franziska -- Henrissat, Bernard -- Hoppner, Marc P -- Ishida, Ken-Ichiro -- Kim, Eunsoo -- Koreny, Ludek -- Kroth, Peter G -- Liu, Yuan -- Malik, Shehre-Banoo -- Maier, Uwe G -- McRose, Darcy -- Mock, Thomas -- Neilson, Jonathan A D -- Onodera, Naoko T -- Poole, Anthony M -- Pritham, Ellen J -- Richards, Thomas A -- Rocap, Gabrielle -- Roy, Scott W -- Sarai, Chihiro -- Schaack, Sarah -- Shirato, Shu -- Slamovits, Claudio H -- Spencer, David F -- Suzuki, Shigekatsu -- Worden, Alexandra Z -- Zauner, Stefan -- Barry, Kerrie -- Bell, Callum -- Bharti, Arvind K -- Crow, John A -- Grimwood, Jane -- Kramer, Robin -- Lindquist, Erika -- Lucas, Susan -- Salamov, Asaf -- McFadden, Geoffrey I -- Lane, Christopher E -- Keeling, Patrick J -- Gray, Michael W -- Grigoriev, Igor V -- Archibald, John M -- BB/G00885X/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Dec 6;492(7427):59-65. doi: 10.1038/nature11681. Epub 2012 Nov 28.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23201678" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Keywords: Algal Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Alternative Splicing/genetics ; Cell Nucleus/*genetics ; Cercozoa/cytology/*genetics/metabolism ; Cryptophyta/cytology/*genetics/metabolism ; Cytosol/metabolism ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Duplication/genetics ; Gene Transfer, Horizontal/genetics ; Genes, Essential/genetics ; Genome/*genetics ; Genome, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Genome, Plant/genetics ; Genome, Plastid/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Mosaicism ; Phylogeny ; Protein Transport ; Proteome/genetics/metabolism ; Symbiosis/*genetics ; Transcriptome/genetics

Print ISSN: 0028-0836

Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687

Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics

Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)

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Nests of the namib desert dune antCamponotus detritus Emery (1985)

Curtis, B. A.

Springer

Insectes sociaux 32 (1985), S. 313-320

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ISSN: 1420-9098

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Description / Table of Contents: Resume Les nids deCamponotus detritus sont des structures simples, creusées parmi les racines de la végétation pérenne des dunes du désert de Namibie. Ils comprennent une série de tunnels et de chambres de 100–400 mm de profondeur, souvent tapissés avec des détritus. On ne trouve pas de «chambre royale» ou de réserves de nourriture. Le couvain se trouvait d'un bout à l'autre du nid. Les températures des nids variaient considérablement. Les températures moyennes des nids étaient d'environ 32°C en été et 20–23°C en hiver. Le nombre d'ouvrières par nid variait de 218 à 16 000 avec une moyenne de 3 404±570. Chaque colonie comprenait un à quatre nids. Seulement un nid par colonie avait des reines. Le développement des colonies et le changement de localisation des nids avaient lieu fréquemment.

Notes: Summary Camponotus detritus nests are simple structures excavated among the roots of perennial vegetation in the sand dunes of the Namib Desert. They comprise a series of tunnels and chambers 100–400 mm deep, often lined with detritus. No “royal chamber” or food stores were found. Brood was found throughout the nest, throughout the year. Nest temperatures varied considerably. Mean nest temperatures were about 32°C in summer and 20–23°C in winter. The number of workers per nest varied from 218 to 16,000 with a mean and standard error of 3,404±570. Each colony comprised one to four nests. Only one nest per colony housed queens. Colony expansion and nest relocation occurred frequently.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02224920

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The dietary spectrum of the namib desert dune antCamponotus detritus (1985)

Curtis, B. A.

Springer

Insectes sociaux 32 (1985), S. 78-85

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ISSN: 1420-9098

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Description / Table of Contents: Resume La nourriture principale deC. detritus au cours de l'année consiste en exsudats sucrés d'Homoptères présents sur la végétation pérenne des dunes. Cette nourriture est complétée par du pollen, du nectar, des débris d'animaux morts et, peut-être, des fèces d'oiseaux et de lézards. L'eau nécessaire à la vie des fourmis est obtenue à partir du miellat, de l'eau de condensation des brouillards et, de temps à autres, des pluies. Les gastres des ouvrières sont capables d'une grande tension leur permettant d'absorber de 48 à 84% de leur poids en liquide. Le plus souvent les ouvrières récoltent individuellement, une certaine collaboration dans la collecte de nouvelles ressources alimentaires ayant parfois été observée. On n'a jamais localisé de réserves dans les nids.

Notes: Summary The major food ofCamponotus detritus throughout the year was found to be honeydew excreted by aphids and scale insects present on the perennial vegetation in the dune habitat. This was supplemented by pollen, nectar, dead animal material and possibly bird and lizard faeces. Moisture was obtained from honeydew as well as directly from condensed fog water and occasional rain. The gasters of workers were capable of considerable distention, allowing them to take up from 48–84% of their body weight in liquid. Workers generally foraged individually, although recruitment to new food sources was sometimes observed. No food stores were found.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02233228

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Freshwater snails of East Caprivi and the lower Okavango River Basin in Namibia and Botswana (1992)

Brown, D. S. ; Curtis, B. A. ; Bethune, S. ; [et al.]

Springer

Hydrobiologia 246 (1992), S. 9-40

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ISSN: 1573-5117

Keywords: Mollusca ; Gastropoda ; freshwater snails ; taxonomy ; distribution ; Africa ; Namibia ; Botswana ; Okavango River

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract A systematic account is given of the aquatic gastropod fauna of the lower Okavango River in Namibia and Botswana, and of the East Caprivi area in Namibia, based on collections made mostly in 1983–86 from about 100 different sites. A total of 20 living species are reported, 9 of them for the first time from this area: Bellamya monardi, Lobogenes michaelis, Cleopatra elata, Afrogyrus coretus, Segmentorbis angustus, S. kanisaensis, Bulinus scalaris, B. depressus and B. tropicus. All are found outside this area and most are widely distributed Afrotropical species. Some do not occur farther south than the Okavango Delta, while others reach a south-western limit here but occur at greater latitude in the eastern tropical corridor on the coast of Natal. Bulinus globosus and Biomphalaria pfeifferi occur throughout the study area and are intermediate hosts for schistosome parasites of man and livestock.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00005620

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The freshwater snail Bulinus tropicus (Planorbidae) in Namibia, characterised according to chromosome number, enzymes and morphology (1996)

Brown, D. S. ; Curtis, B. A. ; Rollinson, D.

Springer

Hydrobiologia 317 (1996), S. 127-139

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ISSN: 1573-5117

Keywords: Mollusca ; Bulinus ; freshwater snails ; taxonomy ; distribution ; Africa ; Namibia ; Schistosoma haematobium ; schistosomiasis

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Freshwater snails collected in central Namibia, south-western Africa, from 15 populations belonging to the Bulinus truncatus/tropicus complex (Planorbidae) are characterised in respect of their chromosome number, morphology, egg proteins and enzymes. The population samples were all consistently diploid and euphallic. The findings are compared with observations on this group of snails in other areas of Africa. It is concluded that the Namibian populations belong to a single species, B. tropicus (Krauss, 1848), of which B. parietalis (Mousson, 1887) is probably a synonym. No evidence was found of any occurrence of the tetraploid species B. truncatus or of snails belonging to the B. africanus group; lack of a potential intermediate host therefore precludes transmission of Schistosoma haematobium in this area.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00018736

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Effects of diltiazem upon a rapidly exchanging calcium compartment related to repriming in frog skeletal muscle (1994)

Curtis, B. A.

Springer

Journal of muscle research and cell motility 15 (1994), S. 49-58

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ISSN: 1573-2657

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Medicine

Notes: Summary Following spontaneous relaxation, fast skeletal muscle must first repolarize and then undergo a first-order repriming reaction before depolarization will result in maximal tension production. 45Ca exposure during repriming defined two Ca compartments during subsequent efflux, named Cafast and Caslow. Caslow had an average time constant of 112±17 min. On the basis of slow turnover and content determined by a variety of methods, I suggest Caslow represents Ca within the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Cafast contained 12 pmol Ca per fibre and resting exchange had a time constant of 5.1±0.4 min. A total of 12 pmol 45Ca within Cafast was released during a maximal contracture. Most of the Ca released from Cafast rapidly entered the extracellular space; however, 0.39±0.15 pmol Ca per fibre transferred from Cafast into Caslow when the muscle bundle contracted. When 1–10 μM diltiazem reduced contracture time-tension, release of Cafast was reduced proportionally. When 10 μM diltiazem paralyzed excitation-contraction coupling, Cafast was not released. Refilling of Cafast was proportional to the extent of repriming during 45Ca exposure. Although release and refilling of Cafast is related to contraction, its role in excitation-contraction coupling remains to be elucidated.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00123832

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