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  • 1
    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: The solid-state reaction magnesite (MgCO3) + calcite (aragonite) (CaCO3) = dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2) has been identified in metapelites from western Tianshan, China. Petrological studies show that two metamorphic stages are recorded in the metapelites: (1) the peak mineral assemblage of magnesite and calcite pseudomorphs after aragonite which is only preserved as inclusions within dolomite; and (2) the retrograde glaucophane-chloritoid facies mineral assemblage of glaucophane, chloritoid, dolomite, garnet, paragonite, chlorite and quartz. The peak metamorphic temperatures and pressures are calculated to be 560–600 °C, 4.95–5.07 GPa based on the calcite–dolomite geothermometer and the equilibrium calculation of the reaction dolomite = magnesite + aragonite, respectively. These give direct evidence in UHP metamorphic rocks from Tianshan, China, that carbonate sediments were subducted to greater than 150 km depth. This UHP metamorphism represents a geotherm lower than any previously estimated for subduction metamorphism (〈 3.7 °C km−1) and is within what was previously considered a ‘forbidden’ condition within Earth. In terms of the carbon cycle, this demonstrates that carbonate sediments can be subducted to at least 150 km depth without releasing significant CO2 to the overlying mantle wedge.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 13 (1985), S. 75-95 
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Bamus and Ulawun are more than 400 m higher than all other major composite volcanoes in the 1000-km-long Bismarck volcanic arc. The two cones are immediately adjacent to each other and have partly coalesced. This close proximity, their similarity of form, and their positions over the same depths (70–160 km) to the New Britain Benioff zone, could be indications that Bamus and Ulawun have had related, or at least similar, eruptive histories. But there are important differences between the two volcanoes. Bamus is thought to have last erupted some time between 1878 and 1894, whereas Ulawun has erupted at least 17 times since the late nineteenth century. In addition, the rocks of Bamus are distinctly different from those of Ulawun. Mafic rocks are found in the older part of Bamus (including a boninite-like, or magnesian-andesite, lava flow), and the younger rocks of Bamus are low-MgO andesites (the most recent products have the highest SiO2 contents of all the analysed rock samples). In contrast, Ulawun appears to be a uniform pile of basalts and some andesites that have consistently lower amounts of CaO and Zr compared to Bamus rocks. Ulawun basalts are unlikely to represent the parental magmas from which Bamus andesites were derived by simple crystal fractionation, judging by the results of least-squares mixing calculations and the relatively high Zr contents of the Bamus andesites. The magmatic histories of Bamus and Ulawun appear to be unrelated, but because both volcanoes are the highest of all volcanoes in the Bismarck volcanic arc, both may now be susceptible to large-scale gravitational slumping or cauldron subsidence. North- and east-trending lineaments and escarpments on both volcanoes may represent the tectonically controlled scars of former gravitational collapses. Ulawun, in particular, may be at a critical stage because of its great height and steep slopes, and because eruptions in 1978 took place from a new, east-trending (possibly tectonically controlled) fissure low on the eastern flank of the volcano.
    Abstract: Résumé Les monts Bamus et Ulawun s'élèvent à plus de 400 m d'altitude au-dessus de tous les autres volcans importants composites de l'archipel volcanique de Bismarck, qui s'étend sur plus de 1000 km en long. Les deux cônes sont contigus et en partie se confondent. Leur contiguité, leur conformation semblable et leur position à l'aplomb de la même profondeur (70–160 km) de la zone de Benioff de la Nouvelle-Bretagne pourraient indiquer que le Bamus et l'Ulawun ont eu une histoire éruptive apparentée ou au moins semblable. Mais il existe des differences importantes entre les deux volcans. On croit que la dernière éruption du Bamus a eu lieu entre 1878 et 1894, tandis que l'Ulawun a fait éruption au moins 17 fois depuis les dernières années du 19ème siècle. De plus, les roches du Bamus sont de composition nettement differénte de celles de l'Ulawun. On trouve des roches mafiques dans la partie plus ancienne du Bamus (y compris une coulée volcanique qui ressemble à une boninite ou andésite magnésienne) et les roches les plus récents du Bamus sont des andésites à faible teneur en MgO (les produits les plus récents contiennent plus de SiO2 que tous les échantillons jusqu'ici analysés). Par contre, l'Ulawun parait être un amas uniforme de basaltes avec quelques andésites qui contiennent regulièrement moins de CaO et de Zr en comparaison avec les roches du Bamus. Il est peu probable que les basaltes de l'Ulawun représentent les magma-mères d'ôu proviennent les andésites du Bamus par une simple cristallisation fractionnée, à en juger par les calculs du mélange des «moindres carrés» et la quantité relativement élevée de Zr dans les andésites du Bamus. Il n'y a apparemment aucun lien de parenté entre les histoires du magmatisme du Bamus et de l'Ulawun; mais étant donné qu'ils sont les deux volcans les plus hauts de l'archipel volcanique Bismarck, il est possible qu'ils soient maintenant susceptibles d'effondrements par gravité de grande dimension ou de subsidences en caldera. Les linéaments et les escarpements qui s'étendent vers le nord et l'est des deux volcans représentent peut-être les sutures contrôlées par la tectonique d'anciens effondrements par gravité. Surtout l'Ulawun a peut-être atteint une phase critique à cause de sa hauteur et de ses pentes raides, et parce que l'éruption de 1978 dans le flanc inférieur du volcan est sortie d'une fissure en direction de l'est (peut-être sous une influence tectonique).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bamus und Ulawun überragen mit mehr als 400 m alle anderen Hauptvulkane im 1000 km langen Bismarck-Vulkanbogen. Beide Kegel liegen sich unmittelbar gegenüber und sind teilweise miteinander verbunden. Die enge Nachbarschaft, die Ähnlichkeit in der Morphologie und die gleiche Entfernung (70–160 km) von der New Britain Benioff-Zone können Anzeichen dafür sein, daß Bamus und Ulawun in Beziehung miteinanderstehen oder letztendlich die gleiche eruptive Geschichte haben. Aber es gibt wichtige Unterschiede zwischen beiden Vulkanen. Man nimmt an, daß Bamus zum letzten Mal zwischen 1878 und 1894 ausgebrochen ist, im Gegensatz dazu brach Ulawun 17 mal im späten neunzehnten Jahrhundert aus. Darüber hinaus sind die Gesteine von Bamus deutlich unterschieden von denen Ulawuns. Mafische Gesteine findet man im älteren Teil von Bamus (einschließlich eines Boninit-ähnlichen Gesteins oder magnesiumreiche Andesite und Lavaausflüsse). Die jüngeren Gesteine von Bamus sind magnesiumarme Andesite (die meisten der jüngsten Produkte haben die höchsten SiO2-Gehalte aller analysierten Gesteinsproben). Im Gegensatz dazu scheint Ulawun eine einheitliche Anhäufung von Basalten und einigen Andesiten zu sein, diese haben durchgehend geringere Gehalte an CaO und Zr verglichen mit den Bamus-Gesteinen. Es gilt als unwahrscheinlich, daß Ulawun-Basalte ursprünglich Magma repräsentieren, von dem die Bamus-Andesite durch einfache Kristallfraktionierung stammen, bei der Beurteilung der Ergebnisse von least squares Mischungsberechnungen und den relativ hohen Zr-Gehalten der Bamus-Andesite. Die magmatische Geschichte von Bamus und Ulawun scheint beziehungslos, aber da beide Vulkane die höchsten im Bismarck-Vulkanbogen sind, mögen beide für einen weiträumigen gravitativen Kollaps oder für ein calderaartiges Einsinken empfänglich sein. Nord- und ostverlaufende Lineamente und Steilhänge an beiden Vulkanen können tektonisch kontrollierte Merkmale früherer gravitativer Zusammenbrüche sein. Besonders Ulawun könnte in einem kritischen Stadium sein wegen seiner Höhe und seiner steilen Hänge, und aufgrund jener Ausbrüche, die 1978 von einer neuen ostverlaufenden (möglicherweise tektonisch kontrolliert) Kluft tief an der östlichen Flanke des Vulkans stattfanden.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 50 (1975), S. 231-240 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A suite of basanitoids and alkali olivine basalts from Grenada, Lesser Antilles were analyzed for rare earth elements. The REE concentrations of these rocks are characterized by a small variation in the heavy REE (7 to 9 times chondrite) and a large variation in the light REE (17 to 93 times chondrite). Among the possible mechanisms to account for the REE variations, fractional crystallization processes at low and high pressures, and partial melting processes (both batch melting and fractional melting) were examined, using the partition relationships of REE among silicate minerals and melts. It is suggested that the observed REE variations are best explained by variable degrees of batch partial melting, in which garnet is present as one of the solid phases through 2 to 17% melting of a garnet lherzolite parent rock.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 288 (1980), S. 72-74 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The gas species composing the early terrestrial atmosphere that formed through the degassing of the mantle having an oxygen state close to IW would have been profoundly different from those gases emitted from present-day volcanoes. The early primitive atmosphere would have been dominated by H2, ...
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Although the composition of the upper continental crust is established reasonably well by direct observations, the composition of the lower crust remains uncertain. Xenoliths derived from lower crustal depths by kimberlite magmas provide one of the few direct means of sampling the lower crust, as ...
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 53 (1975), S. 227-239 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Carbon dioxide solubilities in H2O-free hydrous silicate melts of natural andesite (CA), tholeiite (K 1921), and olivine nephelinite (OM1) compositions have been determined employing carbon-14 beta-track mapping techniques. The CO2 solubility increases with increasing pressure, temperature, and degree of silica-undersaturation of the silicate melt. At 1650° C, CO2 solubility in CA increases from 1.48±0.05 wt % at 15 kbar to 1.95±0.03 wt % at 30 kbar. The respective solubilities in OM1 are 3.41±0.08 wt % and 7.11±0.10 wt %. The CO2 solubility in K1921 is intermediate between those of CA and OM1 compositions. At lower temperatures, the CO2 contents of these silicate melts are lower, and the pressure dependence of the solubility is less pronounced. The presence of H2O also affects the CO2 solubility (20–30% more CO2 dissolves in hydrous than in H2O-free silicate melts); the solubility curves pass through an isothermal, isobaric maximum at an intermediate CO2/(CO2+H2O) composition of the volatile phase. Under conditions within the upper mantle where carbonate minerals are not stable and CO2 and H2O are present a vapor phase must exist. Because the solubility of CO2 in silicate melts is lower than that of H2O, volatiles must fractionate between the melt and vapor during partial melting of peridotite. Initial low-temperature melts will be more H2O-rich than later high-temperature melts, provided vapor is present during the melting. Published phase equilibrium data indicate that the compositional sequence of melts from peridotite +H2O+CO2 parent will be andesite-tholeiite-nephelinite with increasing temperature at a pressure of about 20 kbar. Examples of this sequence may be found in the Lesser Antilles and in the Indonesian Island Arcs.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 94 (1986), S. 416-426 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The Cenozoic Mormon Mountain Volcanic Field (MMVF) of northern Arizona is situated in the transition zone between the Basin and Range and the Colorado Plateau. It is composed of alkalic to sub-alkalic basalts and calcalkalic andesites, dacites, and rhyodacites. Despite their spatial and temporal association, the basalts and the calcalkalic suite do not seem to be co-genetic. The petrogenesis of primitive MMVF basalts can be explained as the result of different degrees of partial melting of a relatively homogenous, incompatible element-enriched peridotitic source. The variety of evolved basalt types was the result of subsequent fractional crystallization of olivine, spinel, and clinopyroxene from the range of primitive basalts. Crustal contamination seems to have occurred, but affected only the highly incompatible element abundances. The formation of MMVF calcalkalic rocks is most readily explained by small to moderate amounts of partial melting of an amphibolitic lower crust. This source is LREE-enriched but depleted in Rb and relatively unradiogenic Sr (87Sr/86Sr ∼0.7040). Calcalkalic rhyodacites may also be derived from andesitic parents by fractional crystallization. The overall petrogenesis of the MMVF complex is the result of intra-plate volcanism where mantle-derived magmas intrude and pass through thick continental crust.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The intrinsic oxygen fugacities of homogeneous, inclusion-free, megacryst ilmenites from the Frank Smith, Excelsior, Sekameng and Mukorob kimberlite pipes in southern Africa, and the alnöitic breccia in the Solomon Islands have been determined. Similar measurements have been made of the type A and B spinel peridotites from San Carlos in Arizona. The type A peridotites are characterised by oxygen fugacities close to the iron-wüstite buffer, similar to those of equivalent peridotite specimens from other continental and island arc environments. In strong contrast, the type B peridotites and all of the ilmenite megacrysts range between the oxygen fugacities defined by the nickelnickel oxide and fayalite-magnetite-quartz buffers. A close relationship between type B peridotites, oxidized metasomatizing fluids in the upper mantle and oxidized, silicaundersaturated magma types is suggested. It is unlikely that a solid elemental carbon phase can be an equilibrium crystallization product of kimberlite magmas if the ilmenite megacrysts represent the redox state of kimberlite melts. The ultimate source of the oxidizing fluids and the development of such a wide dispersion (〉4 orders of magnitude) in oxygen fugacities of the upper mantle is not clear, but may involve recycled lithosphere, fluids from the lower mantle or result from the relatively rapid diffusion of H2, compared with other potential volatile species, in the mantle.
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1977-03-01
    Print ISSN: 0022-1376
    Electronic ISSN: 1537-5269
    Topics: Geosciences
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